city, seat (1827) of Jo Daviess county, northwestern Illinois, U.S. It lies along the Galena River (originally called Fever River), 4 miles (6 km) east of the Mississippi River and about 15 miles (25 km) southeast of Dubuque, Iowa. French explorers visited the region in the late 17th century and found Sauk and Fox Indians mining lead. In 1807 the U.S. Congress created a lead-mining district, and the area soon became an active mining centre. A trading post was established in 1819, and in 1826 the city was laid out and named Galena for the lead deposits. Galena soon became one of the busiest ports on the Mississippi River, its population swelling to about 14,000. The post office, constructed of limestone and completed in 1857, is the second oldest continuously used postal facility in the United States. By the 1860s lead mining and river commerce declined, as did the town. In the 1960s efforts to restore the city’s historic sites began in earnest.
Galena has become a tourist centre as an example of a well-preserved antebellum Midwestern city. Nearly seven-eighths of the city’s homes and commercial buildings are listed in the National Register of Historic Places; historic buildings include the restored home of Ulysses S. Grant, the Old Market House (c. 1846), the Washburne House (1843), the Dowling House (1826), and Belvedere Mansion (1857). The Galena/Jo Daviess County History Museum houses lead-mining relics and an American Civil War collection; Vinegar Hill Historic Lead Mine and Museum, north of the city, features a tour of an 1820s mine. Inc. 1841. Pop. (1990) 3,647; (2000) 3,460.
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