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...part of the esophagus is particularly difficult to reach, but in 1909 the British surgeon Arthur Evans successfully operated on it for cancer. But results were generally poor until, in 1944, John Garlock, of New York, showed that it is possible to excise the esophagus and to bring the stomach up through the chest and join it to the pharynx. Lengths of colon are also used as grafts to...
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