General historical overviews of anti-Semitism include Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, 4 vol. (1965–85; originally published in French, 1955–68); and Robert S. Wistrich, Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred (1991; reissued 1994). Rosemary Ruether, Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism (1974, reissued 1997), is an important study of Christian anti-Semitism. Joshua Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and Its Relation to Modern Anti-Semitism (1943, reprinted 1983), is a seminal study of medieval anti-Semitism. Robert Chazan, Medieval Stereotypes and Modern Antisemitism (1997); and Gavin Langmuir, Toward a Definition of Antisemitism (1990), are other important studies of medieval anti-Semitism. Good introductions to anti-Semitism during the Reformation are Mark U. Edwards, Luther’s Last Battles: Politics and Polemics, 1531–46 (1983); and R. Po-Chia Hsia, The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany (1988). Arthur Hertzberg, The French Enlightenment and the Jews (1968, reissued 1990), explores the anti-Semitic dimensions of Enlightenment thought. For interesting and often conflicting portraits of Nazi anti-Semitism, see John Weiss, The Ideology of Death: Why the Holocaust Happened in Germany (1996); and Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (1996).
In-Nazi-Germany-Jews-were-required-to-wear-a-yellowIn Nazi Germany, Jews were required to wear a yellow Star of David on their clothing.[Credits : © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]
The-Wandering-Jew-illustration-by-Gustave-Dore-1856The Wandering Jew, illustration by Gustave Doré, 1856.[Credits : Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photograph, J.R. Freeman & Co. Ltd.]
Caricature-from-the-anti-Semitic-Viennese-magazine-KikerikiCaricature from the anti-Semitic Viennese magazine Kikeriki. Its caption read: “In the …[Credits : © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]
SA-troops-guarding-a-Jewish-owned-business-in-Vienna-shortlySA troops guarding a Jewish-owned business in Vienna shortly after the Anschluss. The graffiti on …[Credits : © Marschalek/United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]
SA-troops-lock-hands-to-prevent-Jews-from-entering-theSA troops lock hands to prevent Jews from entering the University of Vienna.[Credits : © National Archives/United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]
In 1933 Adolf Hitler’s National Socialists were voted into power, and the campaign of terror began. …[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Discussion of the anti-Semitic policies of the Nazis.[Credits : Copyright © 2004 AIMS Multimedia (www.aimsmultimedia.com)]
U.S. soldiers, having defeated the German military, come face-to-face with the horrors of Nazi …[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
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