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The Saʿūds ruled much of Arabia from 1780 to 1880; but, while Ibn Saʿūd was still an infant, his family, driven out by their rivals, the Rashīds, became penniless exiles in Kuwait. In 1901 Ibn Saʿūd, then 21, set out from Kuwait with 40 camelmen in a bold attempt to regain his family’s lands.
After Fayṣal’s death the fratricidal ambitions of his two eldest sons allowed Ibn Rashīd, ruler of Ḥāʾil in Jabal Shammar to the north, to take Riyadh. Ibn Rashīd ruled northern Arabia until he died in 1897. Meanwhile, the Saʿūdīs in 1871 had lost the fertile Al-Ḥasā to the Ottoman Turks, and the family ultimately took...
in Saudi Arabia: The Rashīdīs )...had ruled there since 1836, first as agents for the Saʿūd family, but subsequently they became independent, with strong links to the Ottomans and growing wealth from the caravan trade. Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Rashīd (reigned 1869–97) was undoubtedly the dominant figure in Arabian politics when ʿAbd Allāh (now as ʿAbd Allāh II ibn...
(1891), decisive victory for Ibn Rashīd, the ruler of the Rashīdī kingdom at Ḥāʾil, near Jabal Shammar in Najd, northern Arabia, who defeated allies of ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān, the head of the Wahhābī (fundamentalist Islāmic) state in Najd. The battle marked the end of the second Wahhābī empire.
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