![“Annunciation,” reverse of a double-sided painted panel icon from Constantinople, early …[Credits : Hirmer Fotoarchiv, Munchen]](http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/30/10830-003-23AED815.gif)
in Eastern Christian tradition, a representation of sacred personages or events in mural painting, mosaic, or wood. After the iconoclastic controversy of the 8th–9th century, which disputed the religious function and meaning of icons, the Eastern Church formulated the doctrinal basis for their veneration: since God had assumed material form in the person of Jesus Christ, he also could be represented in pictures. Icons are considered an essential part of the church and are given special liturgical veneration. They also serve as mediums of instruction for the uneducated faithful through the iconostasis, a screen shielding the altar, covered with icons depicting scenes from the New Testament, church feasts, and popular saints. In the classical Byzantine and Orthodox tradition, iconography is not a realistic but a symbolical art; its function is to express in line and colour the theological teaching of the church.
Annunciation-reverse-of-a-double-sided-painted-panel-icon-from“Annunciation,” reverse of a double-sided painted panel icon from Constantinople, early …[Credits : Hirmer Fotoarchiv, Munchen]
Transfiguration-with-a-mandorla-enclosing-the-figure-of-Christ-mosaic“Transfiguration,” with a mandorla enclosing the figure of Christ; mosaic icon, early …[Credits : Giraudon/Art Resource, New York]
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