identitymathematics and logic

Assorted References

• logical constants ( in logic, philosophy of: Nature and varieties of logic )

  ...presupposed in an interpretation, or the domain of individuals. Its members are said to be quantified over in “("x)” or “($x).” Furthermore, (3) the concept of identity (expressed by =) and (4) some notion of predication (an individual’s having a property or a relation’s holding between several individuals) belong to logic. The forms that the study of these...

• lower predicate calculus ( in logic: Symbolic logic )

  One further extension of LPC is usually made in modern logic. One special dyadic relation, represented by the equality sign, “=,” placed between two terms, is taken to be the identity relation. Depending on the type of formal system that is being considered, either axioms of identity (e.g., “Everything is self-identical”) are adopted or else rules of inference...

  in formal logic: Special systems of LPC )

  ...second. Thus in (2) “is” can be expanded to “is the same individual as,” whereas in (1) it cannot. As used in (2), “is” stands for a dyadic relation—namely, identity—that the proposition asserts to hold between the two individuals. An identity proposition is to be understood in this context as asserting no more than this; in particular it is not to...

• model theory ( in metalogic: Characterizations of the first-order logic )

  There has been outlined above a proof of the completeness of elementary logic without including sentences asserting identity. The proof can be extended, however, to the full elementary logic in a fairly direct manner. Thus, if F is a sentence containing equality, a sentence G can be adjoined to it that embodies the special properties of identity relevant to the sentence F....

• second-order predicate calculus ( in formal logic: Higher-order predicate calculi )

  ...no free variables of any kind, expresses a determinate proposition—namely, the proposition that every property has at least one instance. One important feature of this system is that in it identity need not be taken as primitive but can be introduced by defining x = y as (∀ϕ)(ϕx ≡ ϕy)—i.e., “Every property...

• set theory ( in formal logic: Set theory )

  ...Two classes that have precisely the same members are regarded as the same class or are said to be identical with each other, even if they are specified by different conditions; i.e., identity of classes is identity of membership, not identity of specifying conditions. This principle is known as the principle of extensionality. A class with no members, such as the class of Chinese...