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  • 1 (number)
    ...was at the same time both the goddess Ishtar and the deified number 15. The Moon was not only Earth’s satellite but also the lunar deity Sin and the deified number 30. The most perfect number was one, for by advancing from zero to one men believed they proceeded from nonexistence to existence. Moreover, all other whole numbers were regarded as multiples of one, representative of the Crea...
  • 1 Chronicles (Old Testament)
    two Old Testament books that were originally part of a larger work that included the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. These three (Ezra and Nehemiah were one book in the Jewish canon) were the final books of the Hebrew Bible. Together they survey Israel’s history from Adam to the activity of Ezra and Nehemiah in the period after the Babylonian Exile (6th century bc). The uniformity...
  • 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (drug)
    Metronidazole is usually given orally for the treatment of vaginal infections caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, and it is effective in treating bacterial infections caused by anaerobes. It affects these organisms by causing nicks in, or breakage of, strands of DNA or by preventing DNA replication. Metronidazole is also the drug of choice in the treatment of......
  • 1-bromobutane (chemical compound)
    The first is the reaction of an alcohol with a hydrogen halide, as in the following synthesis of 1-bromobutane....
  • 1-butanol (chemical compound)
    ...often depending strongly on temperature. In most cases, rising temperature produces enhanced solubility, but this is not always so. For example, at 50° C the solubility (weight percent) of n-butyl alcohol in water is 6.5 percent, whereas that of water in n-butyl alcohol is 22.4 percent. At 127° C, the upper consolute temperature, complete miscibility is attained:......
  • 1-butene (chemical compound)
    any of four isomeric compounds belonging to the series of olefinic hydrocarbons. The chemical formula is C4H8. The isomeric forms are 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, and isobutylene. All four butenes are gases at room temperature and pressure....
  • 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (chemical compound)
    ...synthetic reaction only when the aryl halide bears a strongly electron-attracting substituent, such as a nitro group NO2, at a position ortho or para to the halogen, as in 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene:...
  • 1-hexadecanol (chemical compound)
    [CH3(CH2)15OH], a solid organic compound that was one of the first alcohols to be isolated from fats. Cetyl alcohol was discovered in 1817 by the French chemist Michel Chevreul. When he heated a sample of spermaceti (a solid wax formed by the cooling of sperm whale oil) with caustic potash (potassium hydroxide), colourless crystals appeared. Alt...
  • 1-octadecanol (chemical compound)
    waxy solid alcohol formerly obtained from whale or dolphin oil and used as a lubricant and antifoam agent and to retard evaporation of water from reservoirs. It is now manufactured by chemical reduction of stearic acid....
  • 1-phenylethanone (chemical compound)
    an organic compound used as an ingredient in perfumes and as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, resins, flavouring agents, and a form of tear gas. It also has been used as a drug to induce sleep....
  • 1-propanol (chemical compound)
    In the alcohols with three carbon atoms, there are two possible structures, or isomers. One is called n-propyl alcohol (or 1-propanol), the other isopropyl alcohol (or 2-propanol)....
  • 10 (number)
    ...3 of the male; they come together in 2 + 3 = 5 as marriage. All even numbers were female, all odd numbers male. The number 4 represented justice. The most perfect number was 10, because 10 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4. This number symbolized unity arising from multiplicity. Moreover, it was related to space. A single point c...
  • 10 Hygiea (astronomy)
    About 30 asteroids are larger than 200 km. The largest, Ceres, has a diameter of about 940 km. It is followed by Pallas at 530 km, Vesta at 520 km, and (10) Hygiea at 410 km. Three asteroids are between 300 and 400 km in diameter, and about 23 between 200 and 300 km. It has been estimated that 250 asteroids are larger than 100 km in diameter and perhaps a million are larger than 1 km. The......
  • 10-(2-dimethylaminopropyl) promethazine (drug)
    synthetic drug used to counteract the histamine reaction, as in allergies. Promethazine, introduced into medicine in the 1940s, is used in the form of its hydrochloride. It is administered orally in tablets and syrups and intramuscularly in an aqueous solution. Promethazine is effective in controlling the symptoms of hay fever, acute skin re...
  • 10-speed (bicycle)
    ...and long handlebars. By 1968 they made up about 75 percent of U.S. bicycle sales, and 20 million teenagers owned high-rise bicycles. Upon outgrowing them, however, the young consumers switched to 10-speeds, so named because two chainwheels and five freewheel sprockets allowed a total of 10 different gear ratios. Young buyers generated a second boom; from 1972 to 1974 annual U.S. sales doubled.....
  • 100 (numeral system)
    Because our notational system for numbers is decimal (base 10), the number 100 takes on a significance that it would probably not possess if we employed other systems of notation. It is a round number and holds hints of perfection. The Western calendar is divided into the decade (10 years), century (100 years), and millennium (1,000 years), with the century as the most important unit. Thus, one......
  • 100 Men and a Girl (film by Koster [1937])
    ...Karl Freund for The Good EarthArt Direction: Stephen Goosson for Lost HorizonScoring: Universal Studio Music Department, Charles Previn, head of department, for 100 Men and a GirlSong: “Sweet Leilani” from Waikiki Wedding; music and lyrics by Harry OwensHonorary Award:......
  • 100-metre race (running race)
    The current record holder at 100 metres generally is considered to be “the fastest human.” Holding that title have been such champions as Eddie Tolan, Jesse Owens, Bobby Morrow, Bob Hayes, and Carl Lewis (all of the United States), Valeriy Borzov (U.S.S.R.), Linford Christie (U.K.), and Donovan Bailey (Canada). Maurice Greene of the United States set a record time of 9.79 seconds at....
  • 100-year flood
    A flood of such magnitude that it might be expected to occur only once in 100 years is called a 100-year flood. The magnitudes of 100-, 500-, and 1,000-year floods are calculated by extrapolating existing records of stream flow, and the results are used in the design engineering of many water resources projects, including dams and reservoirs, and other structures that may be affected by......
  • 1001 Années de la nostalgie, Les (work by Boudjedra)
    ...entêté (1977; “The Stubborn Snail”), a petty bureaucrat exposes his mediocre life and values, symbolizing the incompleteness of the Algerian revolution. With Les 1001 Années de la nostalgie (1979; “1,001 Years of Nostalgia”), Boudjedra created a satire of an imaginary Saharan village confronted with what he viewed as the newest......
  • 100th Year of Baseball (painting by Rockwell)
    ...the game’s heroes and its traditions attracted popular painters and illustrators such as Andy Warhol, LeRoy Neiman, Lance Richbourg, and Norman Rockwell. Rockwell’s paintings 100th Year of Baseball (1939) and Game Called Because of Rain (also known as Bottom of the Sixth; 1949), first printed on...
  • 101 Patchwork Patterns (work by McKim)
    ...and Nursery Rhymes. Although she made few quilts herself, she always had one sample made up of her patterns: one favourite was the Colonial History series quilt. Her only book, 101 Patchwork Patterns, was published in 1931 and remains a classic. McKim was inducted into the Quilters Hall of Fame in 2002....
  • 102nd Regiment of the Line (British military)
    (1789–1818), British military force formed for service in the convict colony of New South Wales; it figured prominently in the early history of Australia. With the arrival of the corps in 1790–92, the colony gained a new dynamic force: officers and soldiers received land grants, becoming soldier-settlers; many officers became involved in business ventures, most no...
  • 1054, Schism of (Christianity)
    event that precipitated the final separation between the Eastern Christian churches (led by the patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius) and the Western Church (led by Pope Leo IX). The mutual excommunications by the Pope and the Patriarch that year became a watershed in church history. The excom...
  • 10th Annual Academy Awards (awarded 1938)
    Other Nominees...
  • 11 (number)
    Sandwiched between the two auspicious and important numbers 10 and 12, the number 11 generally has negative connotations. Bungus stated that 11 has no connection with the divine, and medieval theology refers to the “11 heads of error.” Because at any time one of the 12 zodiacal signs is hidden behind the Sun, the number 11 is often associated with the zodiac. In the Babylonian......
  • 11 September attacks (United States [2001])
    series of airline hijackings and suicide attacks committed by 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda against targets in the United States. The attacks caused extensive death and destruction and triggered an enormous U.S. effort to combat terrorism....
  • 11-cis-retinaldehyde (chemical compound)
    Rhodopsin is made up of a protein called opsin and a photosensitive chemical derived from vitamin A, 11-cis-retinaldehyde. Photons of light entering the eye cause the 11-cis-retinaldehyde to undergo isomerization (a change in configuration), forming all-trans-retinaldehyde. This isomerization activates the opsin protein, which then interacts with and activates a small......
  • 1,1-dichloroethane (chemical compound)
    Vinylic halides resemble alkenes in that they undergo addition to their double bond. An example is the addition of hydrogen chloride to vinyl chloride to yield 1,1-dichloroethane. The product is a geminal dihalide (both halogens are bonded to the same carbon)....
  • 1,1-dichloroethylene (chemical compound)
    a colourless, dense, toxic, volatile, flammable liquid belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, used principally in combination with vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, or methyl methacrylate for the manufacture of a class of plastics called saran. Vinylidene chloride is also used as a starting material for making methylchloroform, or 1,1,1-trichloroethane, a solvent use...
  • 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (chemical compound)
    a synthetic insecticide belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, highly toxic toward a wide variety of insects as a contact poison that apparently exerts its effect by disorganizing the nervous system....
  • 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane (chemical compound)
    a colourless, crystalline organic halogen compound used as an insecticide. Methoxychlor is very similar to DDT but acts more rapidly, is less persistent, and does not accumulate in the fatty tissues of animals as does DDT....
  • 1,1,1-trichloroethane (chemical compound)
    One isomer, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, was used as a solvent for cleaning and degreasing metal and electronic machinery. It was also used as a coolant and in the manufacture of other chemicals and products, including insecticides and household cleaners. It was produced by the reaction of 1,1-dichloroethylene and hydrogen chloride....
  • 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane (chemical compound)
    ...and tetrachloroethylene; it has minor uses as a solvent and as an insecticide, particularly against the greenhouse white fly. It is made by the reaction of acetylene and chlorine. The other isomer, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, has no commercial application....
  • 1,1,2-trichloroethane (chemical compound)
    ...and electronic machinery. It was also used as a coolant and in the manufacture of other chemicals and products, including insecticides and household cleaners. It was produced by the reaction of 1,1-dichloroethylene and hydrogen chloride....
  • 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (chemical compound)
    either of two isomeric colourless, dense, water-insoluble liquids belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds. One isomer, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, also called acetylene tetrachloride, is highly toxic. Almost the entire production of the compound is consumed in manufacturing chlorinated solvents, especially trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene; it has minor uses as a solvent......
  • 114 Songs (work by Ives)
    ...and Tchaikovsky. His Variations on America (1891; additions before 1894) is the earliest polytonal piece known. In one of his piano and violin sonatas, he adds a passage for trumpet. His 114 Songs (1919–24) for voice and piano vary from ballads to satire, hymns, protest songs, and romantic songs. In technique they range from highly complex (e.g., with tone clusters,....
  • 1185 Park Avenue (work by Roiphe)
    ...of a Dickensian childhood amid the grinding conditions of Irish slum life; Anne Roiphe’s bittersweet recollections of her rich but cold-hearted parents and her brother’s death from AIDS in 1185 Park Avenue (1999); and Dave Eggers’s A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (2000), a painful but comic tour de force, half tongue-in-cheek, about a you...
  • 11th Annual Academy Awards (awarded 1939)
    Other Nominees...
  • 11th cranial nerve (anatomy)
    The accessory nerve is formed by fibres from the medulla oblongata (known as the cranial root) and by fibres from cervical levels C1–C4 (known as the spinal root). The cranial root originates from the nucleus ambiguus and exits the medulla below the vagus nerve. Its fibres join the vagus and distribute to some muscles of the pharynx and larynx via pharyngeal and......
  • 11th Hour, The (film by DiCaprio)
    ...interviewed U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton for a television special on global warming. In 2004 DiCaprio joined the boards of the Natural Resources Defense Council and Global Green USA. The 11th Hour, an environmental documentary that he wrote and narrated, premiered at the Cannes film festival in 2007. The following year he starred as a CIA agent hunting down a terrorist on......
  • 12 (number)
    The number 12 is strongly associated with the heavens—the 12 months, the 12 signs of the zodiac, and the 12 stations of the Moon and of the Sun. The ancients recognized 12 main northern stars and 12 main southern stars. There are 24 = 2 × 12 hours in the day, of which 12 are daytime and the other 12 nighttime. The number 12 is the product of the sacred and...
  • 12, Council of (French history)
    ...(Sept. 16, 1380). Acting as a member of the regency council of young Charles VI from 1380 to 1388, he shared royal powers while Charles was too young to rule. Berry maintained power by serving on a Council of 12 that he helped create to aid in the administration of France. On the council, Berry worked for peace with England by negotiating with John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, calling for papal...
  • 12 lü (musical pitch)
    ...musical instruments constructed for tuning purposes. To establish pitches, 12 bamboo pipes, closed at one end, were cut into graduated lengths. When blown across their open ends, they produced the 12 lü, or fundamental pitches, of the octave. These pipes should not be confused with the panpipe, or paixiao....
  • 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (chemical compound)
    colourless, crystalline organic compound ordinarily produced and sold in the form of its anhydride. The annual production of phthalic anhydride exceeded 1,000,000 metric tons in the late 20th century; most of it was used as an ingredient of polyesters, including alkyd resins (vehicles for paints and enamels), and simple esters used as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride and other polymers. Smalle...
  • 1,2-dibromoethane (chemical compound)
    a colourless, sweet-smelling, nonflammable, toxic liquid belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds. Ethylene bromide was once used in conjunction with lead-containing antiknock agents as a component of gasoline; however, this use disappeared with the banning of leaded gasoline. In addition, ethylene bromide’s use as a soil fumigant for agricult...
  • 1,2-dichloroethane (chemical compound)
    a colourless, toxic, volatile liquid having an odour resembling that of chloroform. It is denser than water, and it is practically insoluble in water....
  • 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane (chemical compound)
    ...a type of isomerism called stereoisomerism in which two substances have the same molecular formula and the same constitution but differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Methyl groups in 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane, for example, may be on the same (cis) or opposite (trans) sides of the plane defined by the ring. The resulting two substances are different compounds, each......
  • 1,2-dithiete (chemical compound)
    ...Some cyclic disulfides and polysulfides can be prepared by reaction of elemental sulfur with unsaturated compounds; for example, the reaction of acetylene with sulfur yields a 1,2-dithiete, a four-membered ring compound with two sulfur atoms that exhibits aromatic stability similar to thiophenes. 1,2-Dithiins, six-membered ring disulfides found in thiarubrines, can be......
  • 1,2-ethanediol (chemical compound)
    simplest member of the glycol family of organic compounds. A glycol is an alcohol with two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms (a 1,2-diol). The common name ethylene glycol literally means “the glycol derived from ethylene.”...
  • 12-hydroxy-cis-9-octadecenoic acid (chemical compound)
    Ricinoleic acid, an unsaturated hydroxy acid (i.e., one containing an −OH group), occurs in castor oil. When this acid is pyrolyzed (heated in the absence of air), it breaks down to give undecylenic acid and n-heptaldehyde....
  • 12-hydroxyloleic acid (chemical compound)
    Ricinoleic acid, an unsaturated hydroxy acid (i.e., one containing an −OH group), occurs in castor oil. When this acid is pyrolyzed (heated in the absence of air), it breaks down to give undecylenic acid and n-heptaldehyde....
  • 1,2-propanediol (chemical compound)
    Propylene glycol, also called 1,2-propanediol, resembles ethylene glycol in its physical properties. Unlike ethylene glycol, however, propylene glycol is not toxic and is used extensively in foods, cosmetics, and oral hygiene products as a solvent, preservative, and moisture-retaining agent. Propylene glycol is manufactured in large amounts from propylene oxide, which is obtained from......
  • 12-step program (therapeutics)
    ...Robert Holbrook Smith and William Griffith Wilson, both of whom had been strongly influenced by a spiritual revival movement called the Oxford Group. The members of AA strive to follow the “12 Steps,” a nonsectarian spiritual program that includes reliance on God—or any “higher power” as understood by each individual—to help prevent a relapse into drink...
  • 12-tone method
    large body of music, written roughly since World War I, that uses the so-called 12-tone method or technique of composition. The Austrian-born composer Arnold Schoenberg is credited with the invention of this technique, although other composers (e.g., the American composer Charles Ives and the Austrian Josef Hauer) anticipated Schoenberg’s inventi...
  • 12-tone music
    large body of music, written roughly since World War I, that uses the so-called 12-tone method or technique of composition. The Austrian-born composer Arnold Schoenberg is credited with the invention of this technique, although other composers (e.g., the American composer Charles Ives and the Austrian Josef Hauer) anticipated Schoenberg’s inventi...
  • 12-tone technique
    large body of music, written roughly since World War I, that uses the so-called 12-tone method or technique of composition. The Austrian-born composer Arnold Schoenberg is credited with the invention of this technique, although other composers (e.g., the American composer Charles Ives and the Austrian Josef Hauer) anticipated Schoenberg’s inventi...
  • 12-wired bird-of-paradise (bird species)
    large body of music, written roughly since World War I, that uses the so-called 12-tone method or technique of composition. The Austrian-born composer Arnold Schoenberg is credited with the invention of this technique, although other composers (e.g., the American composer Charles Ives and the Austrian Josef Hauer) anticipated Schoenberg’s inventi...
  • 12-Years’ Truce (Netherlands history)
    The Twelve Years’ Truce, which began in 1609, arose out of political controversies that were to dominate the republic for the next two centuries. The collaboration between the house of Orange and the leaders of the province of Holland, which had thwarted Spain in its reconquest of the Netherlands north of the great rivers, was replaced by an intermittent, but often fierce, rivalry between t...
  • “120 Journées de Sodome, Les” (work by Sade)
    ...with an implacable spirit of revolt. On Feb. 27, 1784, he was transferred to the Bastille in Paris. On a roll of paper some 12 m (39 feet) long, he wrote Les 120 Journées de Sodome (One Hundred and Twenty Days of Sodom), in which he graphically describes numerous varieties of sexual perversion. In 1787 he wrote his most famous work, Les Infortunes de la vertu (an......
  • 1229, treaty of (Middle East)
    The treaty of 1229 is unique in the history of the Crusades. By diplomacy alone and without major military confrontation, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and a corridor running to the sea were ceded to the kingdom of Jerusalem. Exception was made for the Temple area, the Dome of the Rock, and the Aqṣā Mosque, which the Muslims retained. Moreover, all current Muslim residents of the city......
  • 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene (chemical compound)
    an organic compound belonging to the phenol family, used as a photographic film developer and in the preparation of other chemicals....
  • 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (chemical compound)
    any of several stereoisomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane formed by the light-induced addition of chlorine to benzene. One of these isomers is an insecticide called lindane, or Gammexane....
  • 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (chemical compound)
    ...and blood pressure; erythropoietin, which is important for the formation of hemoglobin and red blood cells, especially in response to anemia or deficiency of oxygen reaching the body tissues; and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, which is the metabolically active form of vitamin D. Finally, although the kidneys are subject to both nervous and humoral (hormonal) control, they do possess a......
  • 125th Street Apollo Theater (theatre, New York City, United States)
    theatre established in 1913 at 253 West 125th Street in the Harlem district of New York City. It has been a significant venue for African American popular music....
  • 12th cranial nerve (anatomy)
    The hypoglossal nerve innervates certain muscles that control movement of the tongue. From the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla oblongata, general somatic efferent fibres exit the cranial cavity through the hypoglossal canal and enter the neck in close proximity to the accessory and vagus nerves and the internal carotid artery. The nerve then loops down and forward into the floor of the mouth......
  • 13 (number)
    Triskaidekaphobes believe 13 to be unlucky, especially when the 13th day of the month is a Friday, a fear that was reinforced by the explosion that almost wrecked the Apollo 13 lunar spacecraft in 1970. Skeptics note that it returned to Earth safely, unlike any other manned spacecraft that has exploded, making its crew some of the luckiest people on the planet. The fear of 13 may relate to......
  • 13 balls, problem of the (mathematics)
    ...not overlapping it or each other. One such arrangement may be obtained by placing the 12 surrounding balls at the midpoints of edges of a suitable cube that encloses the central ball; each of the 12 balls then touches four other balls in addition to the central one. But if the 12 balls are centred at the 12 vertices of a suitable regular icosahedron surrounding the given ball, there is an......
  • 1,3-butadiene (organic compound)
    either of two aliphatic organic compounds that have the formula C4H6. The term ordinarily signifies the more important of the two, 1,3-butadiene, which is the major constituent of many synthetic rubbers. It was first manufactured in Germany during World War I from acetylene. During World War II, butenes from petroleum and natural gas wer...
  • 1,3-diphosphoglycerate (chemical compound)
    ...in glycolysis. It is during this step that the energy liberated during oxidation of the aldehyde group (−CHO) is conserved in the form of a high-energy phosphate compound; namely, as 1,3-diphosphoglycerate, an anhydride of a carboxylic acid and phosphoric acid. The hydrogen atoms or electrons removed from the aldehyde group during its oxidation are accepted by a coenzyme (so......
  • 1,3-dithiane (chemical compound)
    Of particular value in this type of reaction is the 2-lithio derivative of the cyclic bis-sulfide 1,3-dithiane, widely used in the synthesis of ketones and aldehydes (the Corey-Seebach reaction, shown below). 1,3-Dithiane and other thioacetals can also be converted to olefins by the Takeda olefination reaction....
  • 13-lined ground squirrel (rodent)
    Spermophilus species hibernate deeply during winter months. The body temperature of the 13-lined ground squirrel (S. tridecemlineatus) of central North America drops from 37 °C (98.6 °F) to 1 to 3 degrees above burrow temperature. During this time the heart rate decreases from 200 to 350 beats per minute in the active animal to about 5, and the respirati...
  • 13-year cicada (insect)
    ...and others) that appears yearly in midsummer, there are also periodic cicadas. Among the most fascinating and best-known are the 17-year cicada (often erroneously called the 17-year locust) and the 13-year cicada (Magicicada). These species occur in large numbers in chronologically and geographically isolated broods....
  • 13th Floor Elevators (American rock group)
    ...Airplane, the last of which featured the striking vocals of Grace Slick and scored Top Ten hit singles in 1967 with “Somebody to Love” and “White Rabbit.” Meanwhile, the 13th Floor Elevators from Austin, Texas, epitomized the darker, more psychotic frenzy of acid rock—characterized by overdriven guitars, amplified feedback, and droning guitar motifs influenced...
  • 14 (number)
    The number 14 is an even number with attributes similar to those of 7. A period of 14 days is half of the Moon’s 28-day cycle, so it takes 14 days (one fortnight, short for fourteen-night) for the Moon to wax from new to full or to wane from full to new. In ancient Egypt Osiris was cut into 14 parts. The number is important in Islam; the Arabic alphabet contains 14 Sun letters and 14 Moon.....
  • 14 Frimaire Year II, Law of (French history)
    The Convention consolidated its revolutionary government in the Law of 14 Frimaire, year II (December 4, 1793). To organize the Revolution, to promote confidence and compliance, efficiency and control, this law centralized authority in a parliamentary dictatorship, with the Committee of Public Safety at the helm. The committee already controlled military policy and patronage; henceforth local......
  • 1,4-benzenediol (chemical compound)
    colourless, crystalline organic compound formed by chemical reduction of benzoquinone. See quinone....
  • 14.1 (game)
    Principal varieties of balkline billiards are 18.1 and 18.2—requiring lines 18 inches from the cushions and allowing one and two shots, respectively, within a balk—and 14.1 and 14.2, with 14-in lines and the same restrictions on shots. Other games are played occasionally, such as 28.2 and 71.2, with one line down the centre of the table parallel to the long cushions and with lines......
  • 14.2 (game)
    Principal varieties of balkline billiards are 18.1 and 18.2—requiring lines 18 inches from the cushions and allowing one and two shots, respectively, within a balk—and 14.1 and 14.2, with 14-in lines and the same restrictions on shots. Other games are played occasionally, such as 28.2 and 71.2, with one line down the centre of the table parallel to the long cushions and with lines......
  • 14th Air Force (United States military)
    ...an outstanding combat record. After the United States entered World War II, the group was incorporated into the regular U.S. Army Air Forces as the China Air Task Force (later reorganized as the 14th Air Force) and Chennault was recalled to active duty in 1942. The squadron had great success against Japanese forces, and in 1943 Chennault was promoted to major general. He had frequent clashes......
  • 15-spined stickleback (fish)
    ...inconstans) of North American freshwaters; the four-spined stickleback (Apeltes quadracus), also North American but primarily marine; and the sea, or 15-spined, stickleback (Spinachia spinachia), a slim, many-spined fish of European coasts. ...
  • 1543, Act of (England)
    ...also secured parliamentary representation by the election of members for shires and boroughs. The implementation of the act was set aside until more detailed provision was made by a second act in 1543. Statutory recognition was now given to the Council of Wales and the Marches, which exercised a jurisdiction over both Wales and four border counties of England. But the council fell into......
  • 15th Dynasty (Egyptian dynasty)
    group of mixed Semitic-Asiatics who immigrated into Egypt’s delta region and gradually settled there during the 18th century bce. Beginning about 1630, a series of Hyksos kings ruled northern Egypt as the 15th dynasty (c. 1630–1523 bce; see ancient Egypt: The Second Intermediate period). The name Hyksos w...
  • “15th edition” (American encyclopaedia)
    Notable among the results of such activities was the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1974), which was designed in large part to enhance the role of an encyclopaedia in education and understanding without detracting from its role as a reference book. Its three parts (Propædia, or Outline of Knowledge; Micropædia, or.....
  • 16 (number)
    Because 16 is the square of 4, it inherits favourable attributes. It was popular in ancient India; the Vedas talk of 16-fold incantations, and the Chinese-Indian goddess Pussa has 16 arms. The Rosicrucians believed that nature consisted of 16 elements....
  • 1620 Geographos (asteroid)
    Observed light-curve amplitudes for asteroids range from zero to a factor of 6.5, the latter being the case for the Apollo asteroid Geographos. A rotating asteroid shows a light-curve amplitude of zero (no change in amplitude) when its shape is a uniform sphere or when it is viewed along one of its rotational poles. Before Geographos was studied by radar (see above Near-Earth asteroids), it...
  • 1621, Parliament of (English history)
    The Parliament of 1621 was a failure at all levels. No legislation other than the subsidy bill was passed; a simple misunderstanding among the members had led to a dramatic confrontation with the king; and judicial impeachments were revived, costing the king the services of Lord Chancellor Bacon. James, moreover, was unable to make any progress with the Spaniards, and supporting the European......
  • 1624, Parliament of (English history)
    There they persuaded the bedridden king to call another Parliament for the purpose of declaring war on Spain. The Parliament of 1624 was given free rein. All manner of legislation was passed; subsidies for a trade war with Spain were voted; and issues of foreign policy were openly discussed. Firmly in control of political decision making, Charles and Buckingham worked to stave off attacks on......
  • 1688, Revolution of (English history)
    in English history, the events of 1688–89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III, prince of Orange and stadholder of the Netherlands....
  • 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (biology)
    The specific region of DNA that has proved to be the most informative for evolutionary relatedness is 16S rRNA, the gene that encodes the RNA component of the smaller subunit of the bacterial ribosome (16S refers to the rate of sedimentation, in Svedberg units, of the RNA molecule in a centrifugal field). The 16S rRNA gene is present in all......
  • 16S rRNA (biology)
    The specific region of DNA that has proved to be the most informative for evolutionary relatedness is 16S rRNA, the gene that encodes the RNA component of the smaller subunit of the bacterial ribosome (16S refers to the rate of sedimentation, in Svedberg units, of the RNA molecule in a centrifugal field). The 16S rRNA gene is present in all......
  • 17 (number)
    In ancient times, in the region of Urartu, near Mount Ararat, the local deity was offered 17-fold sacrifices. The biblical Flood began on the 17th day of the second month and ended on the 17th day of the seventh month. Greek superstition holds the 17th day of the month to be the best day to cut wood to build a boat. Some followers of Sufism believe that the most sacred name of God has 17......
  • 17 dikter (work by Tranströmer)
    In his first published collection, 17 dikter (1954; “Seventeen Poems”), Tranströmer displayed a bold, Surrealistic use of metaphor while also experimenting with free and blank verse and Sapphic stanzas. The poetry in Hemligheter på vägen (1958; “Secrets on the Way”) and Klanger och spår (1966; Echoes and Traces) is...
  • 17-gon (geometry)
    The discovery that the regular “17-gon” is so constructible was the first such discovery since the Greeks, who had known only of the equilateral triangle, the square, the regular pentagon, the regular 15-sided figure, and the figures that can be obtained from these by successively bisecting all the sides. But what was of much greater significance than the discovery was the theory......
  • 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (chemical compound)
    The blood and urinary levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, hormones that affect protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism and that are produced by the adrenal glands, rise during pregnancy; but there is no increased effect from the hormones, because their higher level is more than offset by the increased levels of transcortin, a protein that inactivates them....
  • 17-hydroxyprogesterone (chemical compound)
    The blood and urinary levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, hormones that affect protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism and that are produced by the adrenal glands, rise during pregnancy; but there is no increased effect from the hormones, because their higher level is more than offset by the increased levels of transcortin, a protein that inactivates them.......
  • 17-ketosteroid (hormone)
    enlargement of the adrenal glands resulting primarily from excessive secretion of androgenic hormones by the adrenal cortex. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia mainly affects infants and is caused by mutations in the genes for enzymes that catalyze the production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. As a result of decreased cortisol production, there is increased secretion of the anterior pituitary......
  • 17-year cicada (insect)
    ...and forests. In addition to the dog-day cicada (Tibicen and others) that appears yearly in midsummer, there are also periodic cicadas. Among the most fascinating and best-known are the 17-year cicada (often erroneously called the 17-year locust) and the 13-year cicada (Magicicada). These species occur in large numbers in chronologically and geographically isolated broods....
  • 1763, Proclamation of (British history)
    proclamation declared by the British crown at the end of the French and Indian War in North America, mainly intended to conciliate the Indians by checking the encroachment of white settlers on their lands. After Indian grievances had resulted in the start of Pontiac’s War (1763–64), British authorities determined to subdue intercolonial rivalries and abuses by dealing with Indian pro...
  • 1763, Royal Proclamation of (British history)
    proclamation declared by the British crown at the end of the French and Indian War in North America, mainly intended to conciliate the Indians by checking the encroachment of white settlers on their lands. After Indian grievances had resulted in the start of Pontiac’s War (1763–64), British authorities determined to subdue intercolonial rivalries and abuses by dealing with Indian pro...
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