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  • 1770, Rising of (Greek history)
    ...the defeat inflicted on the Ottoman navy in 1571 by Don John of Austria; the short-lived revolt launched by Dionysius Skylosophos in Epirus in 1611; and the abortive uprising in the Peloponnese in 1770 at the time of the Russo-Turkish war of 1768–74. These uprisings had little chance of success, but throughout the centuries of the Tourkokratia there was a kind of armed resistance to the....
  • 1789, Revolution of (1787-99)
    the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789. Hence the conventional term “Revolution of 1789,” denoting the end of the ancien régime in France and serving also to distinguish that event from the later French revolutions of 1830 and 1848....
  • 1791, Constitution of (French history)
    From 1789 to 1791 the National Assembly acted as a constituent assembly, drafting a constitution for the new regime while also governing from day to day. The constitution established a limited monarchy, with a clear separation of powers in which the king was to name and dismiss his ministers. But sovereignty effectively resided in the legislative branch, to consist of a single house, the......
  • 1791, Constitution of (Polish history)
    ...and Austria (Prussia obtained less actual territory, but what it acquired was of great economic value). Polish patriots attempted to bring political stability to their country by drafting the “Constitution of 3 May 1791,” which provided for stronger royal authority, established four-year sessions of the elected Sejm (the Polish diet), abolished the liberum veto in its proceedings....
  • 1793 and 1853, in Three Letters (pamphlet by Cobden)
    ...of armaments and the promotion of international peace. They were at one also in demanding a reduction of taxation and a check on imperial expansion. One of Cobden’s most powerful pamphlets, 1793 and 1853, in Three Letters (1853), was a plea to his contemporaries to avoid “past errors” and keep out of war with France. During the next three years, he argued eloquently ...
  • 1793, Constitution of (French history)
    ...quickly drafted a new democratic constitution, incorporating such popular demands as universal male suffrage, the right to subsistence, and the right to free public education. In a referendum this Jacobin constitution of 1793 was approved virtually without dissent by about two million voters. Because of the emergency, however, the Convention placed the new constitution on the shelf in October.....
  • 1795, Constitution of (France [1795])
    ...of 1793, the Thermidorian Convention was preparing a new, more conservative charter. Anti-Jacobin and antiroyalist, the Thermidorians clung to the elusive centre of the political spectrum. Their constitution of year III (1795) established a liberal republic with a franchise based on the payment of taxes similar to that of 1791, a two-house legislature to slow down the legislative process,......
  • 18 (number)
    Because 18 is twice 9, it has some significance by association with 9. In Norse mythology Haldan has 18 sons and Odin knows 18 things. The number is sacred to the Sufi mystics known in the West as the Whirling Dervishes, and their custom was for a guest to bring gifts in multiples of 18. The Indian Mahabharata has 18 books, and the Jewish prayer ......
  • 18 Grand Plays of Kabuki (Kabuki plays)
    Danjūrō VII (1791–1859), the greatest actor of the late Tokugawa period (1603–1867), established the Kabuki jūhachiban (“18 Grand Plays of Kabuki”), the special repertoire of the Ichikawa family. Danjūrō IX (1838–1903), of the Meiji period (1868–1912), revitalized the theatre and participated in the first kabuki......
  • 18 Poems (work by Thomas)
    Thomas’s first book, 18 Poems, appeared in 1934, and it announced a strikingly new and individual, if not always comprehensible, voice in English poetry. His original style was further developed in Twenty-Five Poems (1936) and The Map of Love (1939). Thomas’s work, in its overtly emotional impact, its insistence on the importance of sound and rh...
  • [18]-annulene (chemical compound)
    [18]-Annulene is predicted to be aromatic by the Hückel rule (4n + 2 = 18 when n = 4). The structure shown has a shape that makes it free of angle strain and is large enough so that repulsive forces between hydrogen atoms in the interior are minimal. Thermochemical measurements indicate a resonance energy of roughly 100 kilocalories per mole, and structural studies reveal......
  • 18-electron rule (chemistry)
    The stabilities of organometallic compounds follow certain empirical rules, among which the 18-electron rule is the analogue of the octet rule of main-group compounds. According to this rule, the most stable organometallic compounds are those having 18 electrons in the valence shell, a term in this context extended to include the outermost d orbitals. Nickel tetracarbonyl,......
  • 18.1 (game)
    Principal varieties of balkline billiards are 18.1 and 18.2—requiring lines 18 inches from the cushions and allowing one and two shots, respectively, within a balk—and 14.1 and 14.2, with 14-in lines and the same restrictions on shots. Other games are played occasionally, such as 28.2 and 71.2, with one line down the centre of the......
  • 18.2 (game)
    Principal varieties of balkline billiards are 18.1 and 18.2—requiring lines 18 inches from the cushions and allowing one and two shots, respectively, within a balk—and 14.1 and 14.2, with 14-in lines and the same restrictions on shots. Other games are played occasionally, such as 28.2 and 71.2, with one line down the centre of the table parallel to the long cushions and with lines......
  • 1801, Concordat of (French religious history)
    agreement reached on July 15, 1801, between Napoleon Bonaparte and papal and clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris, defining the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France and ending the breach caused by the church reforms and confiscations enacted during the French Revolution. The Concordat was formally promulgated on Easter day, 1802....
  • 1812, Constitution of (Spanish history)
    In 1810 a Cortes (Parliament) emerged in Cádiz to represent both Spain and Spanish America. Two years later it produced a new, liberal constitution that proclaimed Spain’s American possessions to be full members of the kingdom and not mere colonies. Yet the Creoles who participated in the new Cortes were denied equal representation. Moreover, the Cortes would not concede permanent fr...
  • 1812, War of (United Kingdom-United States history)
    (June 18, 1812–Feb. 17, 1815), conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. It ended with the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent....
  • 1814 (work by Meissonier)
    ...his systematic analysis of the movements of horses) links him with the 19th century. Among his major works are Napoleon III at Solferino (1863) and 1814 (1864), both of which celebrate heroic military campaigns, but he also captured the horrors of conflict in works such as Remembrance of Civil War......
  • 1814, Charter of (European history)
    ...victims; in Paris, many high officials who had rallied to Napoleon were dismissed, and a few eminent figures, notably Marshal Michel Ney, were tried and shot. The king refused, however, to scrap the Charter of 1814, in spite of ultra pressure. When a new Chamber of Deputies was elected in August 1815, the ultras scored a sweeping victory; the surprised king, who had feared a surge of......
  • 1819, Panic of (United States history)
    Economic hardship, especially the financial panic of 1819, also created disunity. The causes of the panic are complex, but its greatest effect was clearly the tendency of its victims to blame it on one or another hostile or malevolent interest—whether the second Bank of the United States, Eastern capitalists, selfish speculators, or perfidious politicians—each charge expressing the.....
  • 1820, Spanish Revolution of (Spanish history)
    Nevertheless, in 1820 revolutionary agitation broke out in fringe areas. Risings in several Italian states were put down. A rebellion in Spain was also suppressed, though only after several years, foreshadowing more than a century of recurrent political instability; the revolution also confirmed Spain’s loss of most of its American colonies, which had first risen during the Napoleonic......
  • 1824, Constitution of (Mexican history)
    The constitution of 1824 set a number of democratic goals and provided for a federal republic, consisting of 19 states, four territories, and the Mexico City federal district. Indigenous peoples lost their special colonial status, and accompanying protections, as wards of the government. In many ways they were worse off during the 19th century than they had been under the paternalism of the......
  • 1830, Charter of (French history)
    The Statuto, which was granted by the king during the liberal Revolutions of 1848, was based on the French Charter of 1830. It ensured citizens equality before the law and gave them limited rights of free assembly and of free press but gave voting rights to less than 3 percent of the population. The Statuto established the three classic branches of government: the executive, which meant the......
  • 1830, Revolutions of (European history)
    rebellions against conservative kings and governments by liberals and revolutionaries in different parts of Europe in 1830–32....
  • 1830-31, Insurrection of (Polish history)
    (1830–31), Polish rebellion that unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Russian rule in the Congress Kingdom of Poland as well as in the Polish provinces of western Russia and parts of Lithuania, Belorussia, (now Belarus), and Ukraine....
  • 1831, rebellions of (Italian history)
    The July Revolution of 1830 in Paris set in motion an Italian conspiratorial movement in Modena and in other Emilian towns. Two Carbonari, Enrico Misley and Ciro Menotti, put their trust in the duke of Modena, Francis IV of Habsburg-Este, who was looking for an opportunity to expand his small state. But when Francis discovered that the Austrian police knew of the plot, he had Menotti and others......
  • 1833, Compromise of (United States history)
    ...to the People of South Carolina,” asserting the supremacy of the federal government and warning that “disunion by armed force is treason.” Congress then (March 1, 1833) passed both the Force Bill—authorizing Jackson to use the military if necessary to collect tariff duties—and a compromise tariff that reduced those duties. The South Carolina......
  • 1837, Panic of (United States history)
    After the Panic of 1837, when many investors suffered heavy losses, the exchange began to demand that companies disclose to the public information about their finances as a condition of offering stock. The Stock Market Crash of 1929, which signaled the start of the Great Depression, led to investigation by the federal government and regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission....
  • 1837, Rebellion of (Canadian history)
    Political unrest developed in both Upper and Lower Canada soon after the War of 1812. Some of the causes were similar, rooted in the governing structure imposed by the 1791 constitution, while other causes developed from each colony’s particular character. In both colonies, effective government was in the hands of the lieutenant governor and an oligarchy that dominated the legislative and.....
  • 1843, Revolution of (Greek history)
    These various strands of discontent coalesced in the military coup of September 1843. Virtually bloodless, but on this occasion manifestly reflecting the popular will, the coup was the first of many military interventions in the political process. Otto was forced to grant a constitution (promulgated in 1844), which was a liberal document by the standards of the day, providing for virtually......
  • 1844, Constitution of (Greek history)
    ...but on this occasion manifestly reflecting the popular will, the coup was the first of many military interventions in the political process. Otto was forced to grant a constitution (promulgated in 1844), which was a liberal document by the standards of the day, providing for virtually universal manhood suffrage (although women were barred from voting until as late as 1952). However, Otto, in......
  • 1845-49, Famine of (Irish history)
    famine that occurred in Ireland in 1845–49 when the potato crop failed in successive years. The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edible roots, or tubers, of the potato plant. The causative agent of late blight is the fungus Phytophthora infestans. The Irish Potato Famine was the worst famin...
  • 1846, Insurrection of (Polish history)
    In partitioned Poland émigré emissaries inspired conspiratorial activities. After the failure of several other attempts, an uprising was planned for 1846. Stanched by arrests in Poznań, it got off the ground only in Kraków (where a national government was proclaimed) and in the neighbouring districts of western Galicia. The Kraków rising was put down by......
  • 1848, Revolutions of (European history)
    series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals....
  • 1850, Compromise of (United States history)
    series of compromise measures passed by the U.S. Congress in an effort to settle several outstanding slavery issues and to avert the threat of dissolution of the Union. The crisis arose from the request of the territory of California (Dec. 3, 1849) to be admitted to the Union with a constitution prohibiting slavery. The problem was complicated by the unresolve...
  • 1855, concordat of (Austrian religious history)
    ...support of a standing army of soldiers, a kneeling army of worshippers, and a crawling army of informants was exaggerated but not entirely unfounded. One of the more backward developments was the concordat reached with the papacy that gave the church jurisdiction in marriage questions, partial control of censorship, and oversight of elementary and secondary education. Priests entrusted with......
  • 1857, Constitution of (Mexican history)
    ...provide a legal base for the reform. It was promulgated on Feb. 12, 1857, but did not become effective until the following Sept. 16, the 47th anniversary of the “Grito de Dolores.” The constitution of 1857 prohibited slavery and abridgments of freedom of speech or press; it abolished special courts and prohibited civil and ecclesiastical corporations from owning property, except.....
  • 1857, Panic of (United States history)
    ...character of their instability. A financial panic has quite often been a prelude to a crisis that extended beyond commercial activities into sectors of consumption and capital-goods industries. The Panic of 1857 in the United States, for example, was the outcome of a number of developments, including the railroads’ defaulting on their bonds, the resultant decline in the value of rail......
  • 1860, Movement of (Canadian literary movement)
    ...for French Canada’s first literary grouping, sometimes referred to as the École Patriotique de Québec (Patriotic School of Quebec) or the Mouvement Littéraire de Québec (Literary Movement of Quebec). Often congregating at the bookstore of poet Octave Crémazie, its dozen members shared patriotic, conservative, and strongly Roman Catholic convictions abou...
  • 1863, Insurrection of (Polish history)
    (1863–64), Polish rebellion against Russian rule in Poland; the insurrection was unsuccessful and resulted in the imposition of tighter Russian control over Poland....
  • 1864, Convention of (Italy [1864])
    ...fighting and was arrested on Aug. 29, 1862, at Aspromonte in Calabria. The subsequent public outrage brought down Rattazzi’s government. In 1864 Marco Minghetti, another moderate, negotiated the September Convention, a compromise that required French troops to withdraw from Rome in exchange for an Italian pledge to respect the pope’s temporal sovereignty and to remain out of Rome....
  • 1867, Compromise of (Austro-Hungarian history)
    (German: “Compromise”), the compact, finally concluded on Feb. 8, 1867, that regulated the relations between Austria and Hungary and established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary....
  • 1868, Revolution of (Spanish history)
    The revolution that led to the dethronement of Isabella was the work of army oligarchs led by Francisco Serrano y Domínguez and Progressive conspirators behind Prim. The Democrats became active in setting up juntas after the revolution; for the most part they rapidly became Federal Republicans under the influence of the theories of the French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon as presented......
  • 1869, Constitution of (Spanish history)
    The generals were determined to keep the leadership of the revolution in their own hands by channeling it into a constitutional monarchy. Although they had to concede universal male suffrage in the constitution of 1869, they ruthlessly suppressed republican risings in the summer of that year. Their problem was to find a constitutional monarch. Prim’s attempt to persuade a Hohenzollern to ac...
  • 1873, Panic of (United States history)
    ...Its effects were also complex, including not only the closing of many banks but also a sharp increase in unemployment in the United States and a money-market panic on the European continent. The Panic of 1873, which began with financial crises in Vienna in June and in New York City in September, marked the end of the long-term expansion in the world economy that had begun in the late 1840s.......
  • 1873, Republic of (Spanish history)
    ...Latin Europe. The conflict became especially intense after 1870. Barcelona, traditionally a centre of anti-Catholic feeling, witnessed the formation of powerful syndicalist and anarchist groups. The first Spanish Republic (1873) enacted some anticlerical laws, but these were repealed or disregarded when the monarchy was restored in 1875. During an anticlerical outbreak in 1909, mobs burned......
  • 1876, Electoral Dispute of (United States history)
    The circumstances surrounding the disputed election of 1876 strengthened Hayes’s intention to work with the Southern whites, even if it meant abandoning the few Radical regimes that remained in the South. In an election marked by widespread fraud and many irregularities, the Democratic candidate, Samuel J. Tilden, received the majority of the popular vote; but the vote in the electoral coll...
  • 1887, tariff of (Italian history)
    However, the most important act of Crispi’s first government was the new tariff of 1887. It was a response to demands from northern steel and textile interests, from farmers (also mainly from the north) who faced imports of cheap American grain or Asian rice, and from social reformers eager to secure legislative measures that employers could afford. A duty of 50 lire per ton was placed on.....
  • 1898, Convention of (British-Chinese history)
    ...after the second Opium War (1856–60), China was forced to cede the Kowloon Peninsula south of what is now Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island by the Convention of Beijing (1860). By the Convention of 1898, the New Territories together with 235 islands were leased to Britain for 99 years from July 1, 1898. With this expansion of territory, Hong Kong’s population leaped to 120,0...
  • 1898, Generation of (Spanish literature)
    in Spain, the novelists, poets, essayists, and thinkers active at the time of the Spanish-American War (1898), who reinvigorated Spanish letters and restored Spain to a position of intellectual and literary prominence that it had not held for centuries....
  • 19 (number)
    Eclipses of the Sun tend to recur in periods of 19 years. The Babylonians considered the 19th day of the month to be unlucky because it was 49 days from the beginning of the previous month (add 30), and, since 49 = 7 × 7, it was a day of great portent for good or evil. In Islamic numerology 19 is the value of the word Wahid (Arabic:......
  • 1905, Revolution of
    uprising that was instrumental in convincing Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy. For several years before 1905 and especially after the humiliating Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), diverse social groups demonstrated their discontent with the Russian social and political ...
  • 1909, Budget of (British history)
    ...the demand for more battleships to match the German naval program threatened the finances available for social reform. It was to meet these difficulties that Lloyd George framed the famous “People’s Budget” of 1909, calling for taxes upon unearned increment on the sale of land and on land values, higher death duties, and a supertax on incomes above £3,000. Moreover, ...
  • 1914 (work by Brooke)
    English poet, a wellborn, gifted, handsome youth whose early death in World War I contributed to his idealized image in the interwar period. His best-known work is the sonnet sequence 1914....
  • 1917, Constitution of (Mexican history)
    ...system of communal holdings. At the time of the revolution, the rural peasantry was virtually landless and worked under a debt peonage system on haciendas (large estates). The constitution of 1917 contained a statute limiting the amount of land that a person could own and, through the concept of social utility, legalized the federal government’s expropriation and......
  • 1917, Revolution of
    two revolutions, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power....
  • 1920s (American history)
    two revolutions, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.......
  • 1927/28 Academy Awards (awarded May 16, 1929)
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  • 1927, Generación del (Spanish literature)
    in Spain, a group of poets and other writers who rose to prominence in the late 1920s and who derived their collective name from the year in which several of them produced important commemorative editions of the poetry of Luis de Góngora y Argote on the tercentenary of his death. In contrast to the earlier Generation of ’98, most of whom were prose writers, the mem...
  • 1927, Generation of (Spanish literature)
    in Spain, a group of poets and other writers who rose to prominence in the late 1920s and who derived their collective name from the year in which several of them produced important commemorative editions of the poetry of Luis de Góngora y Argote on the tercentenary of his death. In contrast to the earlier Generation of ’98, most of whom were prose writers, the mem...
  • 1928/29 Academy Awards (awarded April 3, 1930)
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  • 1929/30 Academy Awards (awarded November 5, 1930)
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  • 1929, Concordat of (Italy [1929])
    treaty (effective June 7, 1929, to June 3, 1985) between Italy and the Vatican. It was signed by Benito Mussolini for the Italian government and by cardinal secretary of state Pietro Gasparri for the papacy and confirmed by the Italian constitution of 1948....
  • 1929, Lateran Pact of (Italy [1929])
    treaty (effective June 7, 1929, to June 3, 1985) between Italy and the Vatican. It was signed by Benito Mussolini for the Italian government and by cardinal secretary of state Pietro Gasparri for the papacy and confirmed by the Italian constitution of 1948....
  • 1930/31 Academy Awards (awarded November 10, 1931)
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  • 1931/32 Academy Awards (awarded November 18, 1932)
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  • 1932/33 Academy Awards (awarded 1934)
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  • 1932, Famine of (Soviet history)
    The result of Stalin’s policies was the Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians. The famine was a direct assault on the Ukrainian peasantry, which had stubbornly continued to resist collectivization;......
  • 1932, Revolution of (Thailand history)
    (June 24, 1932) in the history of Thailand, a bloodless coup that overthrew the Thai king, put an end to absolute monarchy in Thailand, and initiated the so-called Constitutional Era. The coup was headed by a group of men often referred to as the “promoters.” They included members of the Thai elite, noted intellectuals, some European-educated, and disaffected army officers; among the...
  • 1934 Academy Awards (awarded 1935)
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  • 1935 Academy Awards (awarded 1936)
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  • 1936 Academy Awards (awarded 1937)
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  • 1936, Constitution of (Soviet history)
    A similar situation prevailed in the Soviet Union under the rule of Stalin. But Stalin took great trouble and some pride in having a constitution bearing his name adopted in 1936. The Stalin constitution continued, together with the Rules of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to serve as the formal framework of government until the ratification of a new, though rather similar,......
  • 1936—On the Continent (work by Fodor)
    ...evident love of adventure and flair for languages (he spoke five) soon brought him work as a travel correspondent and editor in Prague (1930–33) and London (1934–38). His first book, 1936—On the Continent, was a best-seller in Europe and the United States. Fodor was on a business trip in the United States at the outset of World War II, and he remained there, becoming...
  • 1937 Academy Awards (awarded 1938)
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  • 1938 Academy Awards (awarded 1939)
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  • 1945, Generation of (Brazilian poetry)
    New poetic voices surfaced under the rubric of the Generation of 1945 and later in the 1950s via the internationally known Concretism movement. The poets of the Generation of 1945 provided a new direction, drawing upon Symbolism, Surrealism, and Hermeticism. From this group João Cabral de Melo Neto and Ledo Ivo distinguished themselves, with Melo Neto regarded as being among Brazil’s...
  • 1948, Constitution of (Italian history)
    The Italian state grew out of the kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, where, in 1848, King Charles Albert introduced a constitution that remained the basic law, of his kingdom and later of Italy, for nearly 100 years. It provided for a bicameral parliament with a cabinet appointed by the king. With time, the power of the crown diminished, and ministers became responsible to parliament rather than to......
  • 1951 Academy Awards (awarded 1952)
    A complex film with a nonlinear narrative structure, Rashomon reveals a simple view of enduring humanity. The intriguing picture presents several versions of the same incident—a bandit rapes a woman and the woman’s husband is murdered in the woods—as told by a group gathered around the ruins of a city gate. Early critics interpreted the film as questioning the nature of...
  • 1952 Academy Awards (awarded 1953)
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  • 1953 Academy Awards (awarded 1954)
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  • 1954 Academy Awards (awarded 1955)
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  • 1955 Academy Awards (awarded 1956)
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  • 1956 Academy Awards (awarded 1957)
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  • 1956, Revolution of (1956)
    Rákosi—who in 1952 came to preside over the government as well as the party—was, under Moscow’s direction, all-powerful until the death of Stalin in 1953, when a period of fluctuation began. In July 1953 Rákosi was deposed from the prime ministership in favour of Imre Nagy—a “Muscovite” but a Hungarian in his attitudes and not unpopular in th...
  • 1957 Academy Awards (awarded 1958)
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  • 1958 Academy Awards (awarded 1959)
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  • 1958, Constitution of (French history)
    When France fell into political turmoil after the May 1958 insurrection in Algeria (then still a French colony), General Charles de Gaulle, an outspoken critic of the postwar constitution who had served as the provisional head of government in the mid-1940s, returned to political life as prime minister. He formed a government and, through the constitutional law of June 1958, was granted......
  • 1959 Academy Awards (awarded 1960)
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  • 1960 Academy Awards (awarded 1961)
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  • 1961 Academy Awards (awarded 1962)
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  • 1962 Academy Awards (awarded 1963)
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  • 1963 Academy Awards (awarded 1964)
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  • 1964 (work by Bontecou)
    In 1964 Bontecou received an important commission to create a large wall relief for the New York State Theater at Lincoln Center, entitled 1964. She created an armature that formed two winglike structures spanning 20 feet (6 metres), made from a Plexiglas turret of a World War II bomber and other molded and abstracted shapes. Bontecou continued working in this genre until the birth of......
  • 1964 Academy Awards (awarded 1965)
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  • 1965 Academy Awards (awarded 1966)
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  • 1966 Academy Awards (awarded 1967)
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  • 1967 Academy Awards (awarded 1968)
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  • 1967, Confession of (religion)
    ...Church of North America merged with the U.S.A. Presbyterians, forming the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. This church became active in ecumenical affairs. It adopted a new confession, the Confession of 1967, which with several historic Presbyterian confessions is contained in the church’s Book of Confessions....
  • 1968 Academy Awards (awarded 1969)
    Other Nominees...
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