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  • Cameron of Lochiel, Sir Ewen (Scottish Highland chieftain)
    Scottish Highland chieftain, a strong supporter of the Stuart monarchs Charles II and James II of England. A man of enormous bulk, Lochiel became renowned for his feats of strength and ferocity in combat....
  • Cameron, Richard (Scottish religious leader)
    Scottish Covenanter, founder of a religious sect called Cameronians....
  • Cameron, Simon (United States secretary of war)
    U.S. senator, secretary of war during the American Civil War, and a political boss of Pennsylvania. His son James Donald Cameron (1833–1918) succeeded him in the Senate and as a political power in his state....
  • Cameron, Sir Donald (governor of East Africa)
    ...Tanganyika Territory (as it was then renamed), enforced a period of recuperation before new development plans were set on foot. A Land Ordinance (1923) ensured that African land rights were secure. Sir Donald Cameron, governor from 1925 to 1931, infused a new vigour into the country. He reorganized the system of native administration by the Native Authority Ordinance (1926) and the Native......
  • Cameron, Sir Ewen (Scottish Highland chieftain)
    Scottish Highland chieftain, a strong supporter of the Stuart monarchs Charles II and James II of England. A man of enormous bulk, Lochiel became renowned for his feats of strength and ferocity in combat....
  • Cameron, Verney Lovett (British explorer)
    British explorer, the first to cross equatorial Africa from sea to sea....
  • Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy (family of baronets)
    Even without very large numbers of arms to place, the marshaling of quarterings may still be complicated. An interesting example is the marshaling of several coats of arms for the Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy family of baronets. The arms are said to be quarterly with the arms of Lucy in 1 and 4. Then in 2 the blazon begins grandquarter counterquartered. This means that quarter 2 is......
  • Cameronian (Scottish religious group)
    any of the Scottish Covenanters who followed Richard Cameron in adhering to the perpetual obligation of the two Scottish covenants of 1638 and 1643 as set out in the Queensferry Paper (1680), pledging maintenance of the chosen form of church government and worship. After Cameron’s death, the Cameronians began in 1681 to organize themselves in local societies all over the...
  • Cameroon
    country lying at the junction of western and central Africa. Triangular in shape, it is bordered by Nigeria to the northwest, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, Congo (Brazzaville) to the southeast, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Its ethnically diverse population is among the most urban in wester...
  • Cameroon Democratic Union (political party, Cameroon)
    ...clashes, a constitutional amendment in 1990 established a multiparty system; main opposition groups included the Social Democratic Front, the National Union for Democracy and Progress, and the Cameroon Democratic Union....
  • Cameroon, flag of
    ...
  • Cameroon Highlands (highland, Africa)
    ...plateau in Guinea, in the Guinea Highlands, which also extend over the borders of Sierra Leone and Liberia, in the Jos Plateau in Nigeria, in the Adamawa region of Nigeria and Cameroon, and in the Cameroon Highlands. There are extensive low-lying areas near the coast and in the basins of the Sénégal, Gambia, Volta, and Niger–Benue rivers. The high areas of Darfur in The......
  • Cameroon, history of
    history of the area from prehistoric and ancient times to the present....
  • Cameroon, Mount (mountain, Cameroon)
    volcanic massif of southwestern Cameroon, rising to a height of 13,435 feet (4,095 m) and extending 14 miles (23 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea. It is the highest peak in sub-Saharan western and central Africa and the westernmost extension of a series of hills and mountains that form a natural boundary between northern Cameroon and Nigeria....
  • Cameroon National Union (political party, Cameroon)
    Cameroon was a de facto one-party state from 1966 and was dominated by the Cameroon National Union, a merger of six political parties; it was renamed the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement in 1985. After much political unrest and many violent clashes, a constitutional amendment in 1990 established a multiparty system; main opposition groups included the Social Democratic Front, the Natio...
  • Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (political party, Cameroon)
    Cameroon was a de facto one-party state from 1966 and was dominated by the Cameroon National Union, a merger of six political parties; it was renamed the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement in 1985. After much political unrest and many violent clashes, a constitutional amendment in 1990 established a multiparty system; main opposition groups included the Social Democratic Front, the Natio...
  • Cameroon People’s Union (political party, Cameroon)
    In French Cameroun the major question was the type and intensity of the relationship with France after independence. The first nationalist party, the Cameroon People’s Union (UPC) led by Felix-Roland Moumie and Reuben Um Nyobe, demanded a thorough break with France and the construction of a socialist economy. French officials suppressed the UPC, leading to a bitter civil war, while encourag...
  • Cameroon, Republic of
    country lying at the junction of western and central Africa. Triangular in shape, it is bordered by Nigeria to the northwest, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, Congo (Brazzaville) to the southeast, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Its ethnically diverse population is among the most urban in wester...
  • Cameroonian Union (political party, Cameroon)
    ...the Assembly of the French Union. In the first Cameroon government (1957), he was vice premier and minister of the interior; when the first premier fell in early 1958, he formed his own party, the Cameroonian Union, and became the new premier....
  • Cameroun, Mont (mountain, Cameroon)
    volcanic massif of southwestern Cameroon, rising to a height of 13,435 feet (4,095 m) and extending 14 miles (23 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea. It is the highest peak in sub-Saharan western and central Africa and the westernmost extension of a series of hills and mountains that form a natural boundary between northern Cameroon and Nigeria....
  • Cameroun, République du
    country lying at the junction of western and central Africa. Triangular in shape, it is bordered by Nigeria to the northwest, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, Congo (Brazzaville) to the southeast, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Its ethnically diverse population is among the most urban in wester...
  • Camestres (syllogistic)
    Second figure:Cesare, Camestres, Festino, Baroco,...
  • Camestrop (syllogistic)
    *Cesaro, *Camestrop....
  • Camicia Nera (Italian history)
    member of any of the armed squads of Italian Fascists under Benito Mussolini, who wore black shirts as part of their uniform....
  • Camicie Nere (Italian history)
    member of any of the armed squads of Italian Fascists under Benito Mussolini, who wore black shirts as part of their uniform....
  • Camiguin (island, Philippines)
    mountainous island in the Bohol (Mindanao) Sea, 6 miles (10 km) off the northern coast of Mindanao, Philippines. Located near Macajalar and Gingoog bays, the island is often considered the most beautiful of the Philippine archipelago. Since 1948, eruptions of volcanic Mount Hibok-Hibok (4,363 feet [1,330 m]) have caused mass emigrations to t...
  • Camilar, Eusebiu (Romanian author)
    Zaharia Stancu composed novels that evoked Romanian village life in a vanished age. Eusebiu Camilar, in his novel Mist, bitterly indicted fascism. Essays and criticism were written by Mihai Ralea, who also published travel books and philosophical and psychological works, and by Tudor Vianu, who revealed in his writings a materialistic and methodological approach after first having......
  • Camilla (Roman mythology)
    in Roman mythology, legendary Volscian maiden who became a warrior and was a favourite of the goddess Diana. According to the Roman poet Virgil (Aeneid, Books VII and XI), her father, Metabus, was fleeing from his enemies with the infant Camilla when he encountered the Amisenus (Amazenus) River. He fastened the child to a javelin, dedicated her to Diana, and hurled he...
  • Camilla, duchess of Cornwall (British duchess)
    consort (2005– ) of Charles, prince of Wales....
  • Camilla: or a Picture of Youth (novel by Burney)
    ...married Alexandre d’Arblay, a former adjutant general to Lafayette, then a penniless French émigré living in England. They had one son. In 1796 she wrote a potboiler, Camilla: or a Picture of Youth, and on its proceeds the d’Arblays built a house in Surrey, where they moved in 1797. While on a visit to France with her husband and son in 1802,...
  • Camille (film by Cukor [1936])
    ...the 1930s, and the roles upon which the Garbo mystique is largely based, are Anna Karenina (1935), in which Garbo portrayed Leo Tolstoy’s title character; Camille (1936), in which, despite being ill during much of the production, Garbo delivers one of her most radiant and compelling performances as Alexandre Dumas ......
  • Camille, Hurricane (tropical cyclone)
    hurricane (tropical cyclone), one of the strongest of the 20th century, that hit the United States in August 1969. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane struck the Mississippi River basin. As the storm moved inland across much of the southeastern United States and Appalachia, it caused severe flash flooding....
  • Camilleri, Charles (Maltese composer)
    In the 20th century, a vernacular architecture was developed by Richard England and others. The composer Charles Camilleri introduced folk themes into his works, while Maltese literature was enriched by the poetry of the national bard, Dun Karm. An interesting theatrical upsurge led by John Schranz paralleled the emergence of Francis Ebejer as a brilliant playwright. Alfred Chircop and Luciano......
  • Camillo de Lellis (Roman Catholic saint)
    founder of the Ministers of the Sick. Along with St. John of God, Camillus became patron of the sick....
  • Camillus, Marcus Furius (Roman soldier)
    Roman soldier and statesman who came to be honoured after the sack of Rome by the Gauls (c. 390) as the second founder of the city....
  • Camillus of Lellis, Saint (Roman Catholic saint)
    founder of the Ministers of the Sick. Along with St. John of God, Camillus became patron of the sick....
  • Caminer, David (British computer software engineer)
    British computer software engineer who developed (with hardware designer John Pinkerton) the world’s first business computer, LEO (Lyons Electronic Office), which revolutionized the speed and accuracy with which routine business data could be processed. In 1936 Caminer, who had opted not to pursue a university education, went to work for the British catering business J. Lyons and Co. After ...
  • Caminha, Adolfo (Brazilian author)
    Two authors closely identified with the naturalist school who were writing during Machado de Assis’s time are Aluízio Azevedo and Adolfo Caminha. Azevedo’s naturalist and somewhat melodramatic novels deal primarily with environmental determinism and denounce social evils. Three novels are representative of Azevedo’s contribution to Brazilian literature: ...
  • Caminho de pedras (work by Queiroz)
    ...to meddle with the plot of her second novel, João Miguel (1932), ended her short-lived association with the Communist Party. Her third novel, Caminho de pedras (1937; “Rocky Road”), is the story of a woman rejecting her traditional role and embracing a new sense of independence. As três......
  • Caminiti, Ken (American athlete)
    American baseball player (b. April 21, 1963, Hanford, Calif.—d. Oct. 10, 2004, New York, N.Y.), won the National League’s Most Valuable Player (MVP) award in 1996 as a member of the San Diego Padres. In 2002 he told Sports Illustrated magazine that he had used steroids during his MVP season and warned that Major League Baseball was facing an epidemic of steroid use. Caminiti...
  • Camino, Carlos Ruiz (Mexican bullfighter)
    Mexican bullfighter, the dominant Mexican matador and one of the greatest of any nationality in modern times....
  • Camino Real (play by Williams)
    In 1953, Camino Real, a complex work set in a mythical, microcosmic town whose inhabitants include Lord Byron and Don Quixote, was a commercial failure, but his Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955), which exposes the emotional lies governing relationships in the family of a wealthy Southern planter, was awarded a Pulitzer Prize and was successfully filmed, as was......
  • Camino Real (highway, Spain)
    (Spanish: Royal Road), highway that in the 16th century connected the cities of Gijón, León, and Madrid, Spain; in Spain it has come to mean any important highway. In California a coastal highway called El Camino Real was built during the Spanish period (1542–1821) and finally extended 600 miles (970 km) from San Diego to Sonoma. It connected the 21 missions and 4 presidios (...
  • Camino Real, El (highway, California, United States)
    ...highway that in the 16th century connected the cities of Gijón, León, and Madrid, Spain; in Spain it has come to mean any important highway. In California a coastal highway called El Camino Real was built during the Spanish period (1542–1821) and finally extended 600 miles (970 km) from San Diego to Sonoma. It connected the 21 missions and 4 presidios (forts) built......
  • Camisa Azul (Irish fascist movement)
    member of a 20th-century Irish fascist movement founded by the former Irish president William Cosgrave. Gen. Eoin O’Duffy, former commissioner of the Irish National guards, took the movement’s group of 600 men to Spain in 1936. There the Blue Shirts trained at Cáceres and fought with the Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War. ...
  • Camisard (French Protestant militants)
    any of the Protestant militants of the Bas-Languedoc and Cévennes regions of southern France who, in the early 18th century, organized an armed insurrection in opposition to Louis XIV’s persecution of Protestantism. Camisards were so called probably because of the white shirts (Languedocian camisa, French chemise) that they wore to recognize one anot...
  • Camm, Sydney (British engineer)
    The Hurricane emerged from efforts by Sydney Camm, Hawker’s chief designer, to develop a high-performance monoplane fighter and from a March 1935 Air Ministry requirement calling for an unprecedented heavy armament of eight wing-mounted 0.303-inch (7.7-mm) machine guns. Designed around a 1,200-horsepower, 12-cylinder, in-line Rolls-Royce engine soon to be dubbed the Merlin, the Hurricane wa...
  • Cammaerts, Émile (Belgian poet and writer)
    Belgian poet and writer who, as a vigorous royalist, interpreted Belgium to the British public....
  • Cammeyer, William (American businessman)
    ...paid dues, the emphasis was on fraternity and socializing, and baseball games were played largely among members. But the growth of baseball’s popularity soon attracted commercial interest. In 1862 William Cammeyer of Brooklyn constructed an enclosed baseball field with stands and charged admission to games. Following the Civil War, this practice quickly spread, and clubs soon learned tha...
  • Camnula pellucida (insect)
    ...of short-horned grasshoppers that can produce sound during flight. One of the common species, the Carolina grasshopper (Dissosteira carolina), has black hind wings with a pale border. The clear-winged grasshopper (Camnula pellucida) is a major crop pest in North America....
  • Camoëns, Luís Vaz de (Portuguese poet)
    Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due not only to his epic but also to his posthumously published lyric poetry....
  • Camoens, Luís Vaz de (Portuguese poet)
    Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due not only to his epic but also to his posthumously published lyric poetry....
  • Camões, Luís de (Portuguese poet)
    Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due not only to his epic but also to his posthumously published lyric poetry....
  • Camões, Luís Vaz de (Portuguese poet)
    Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due not only to his epic but also to his posthumously published lyric poetry....
  • Camões Prize (literary award)
    ...Doralina) and Memorial de Maria Moura (1992; “Maria Moura’s Memorial”; filmed as a miniseries for Brazilian television in 1994). In 1993 she was awarded the Camões Prize, the most prestigious and remunerative award given for Portuguese-language literature. In 1977 de Queiroz became the first woman to be elected to the Brazilian Academy of Le...
  • camogie (sport)
    outdoor stick-and-ball game somewhat akin to field hockey and lacrosse and long recognized as the national pastime of Ireland. There is considerable reference to hurling (iomáin in Gaelic) in the oldest Irish manuscripts describing the game as far back as the 13th century bc; many heroes of ancient tales were expert hurlers. The stick used is called a...
  • camomile (plant)
    plant of the genus Anthemis, containing more than 100 species of Eurasian herbs in the family Asteraceae; also, a similar plant in the genus Chamaemelum of the same family. Both genera have yellow or white ray flowers and yellow disk flowers in the compact flower heads....
  • Camonica, Val (valley, Italy)
    ...some of which were built on the shores of the Alpine lakes. Sites have been discovered near Lake Annecy, along the shores of Lake Geneva, in the Totes Mountains in Austria, and in the Aosta and Camonica Valleys in Italy. The latter valley is noted for some 20,000 rock engravings that leave an invaluable picture of more than 2,000 years of habitation....
  • Camorra (Italian secret society)
    Italian secret society of criminals that grew to power in Naples during the 19th century. Its origins are uncertain, but it may have existed in Spain as early as the 15th century and been transported thence to Italy. As the Camorra grew in influence and power, its operations included criminal activities of various kinds, such as smuggling, blackmail, extortion, and road robberi...
  • Camorta (island, India)
    ...the Andaman Islands to the north, constitute the boundary between the southeastern Bay of Bengal (west) and the Andaman Sea (east). The Nicobar group includes the islands of Car Nicobar (north), Camorta (Kamorta) and Nancowry (central group), and Great Nicobar (south)....
  • camouflage (military tactic)
    in military science, the art and practice of concealment and visual deception in war. It is the means of defeating enemy observation by concealing or disguising installations, personnel, equipment, and activities. Conventional camouflage is restricted to passive defensive measures. The surface camoufleur, for example, does not try to prevent aerial surveillance by jamming the enemy’s radar...
  • camouflage (biology)
    in animals, the use of biological coloration to mask location, identity, and movement, providing concealment from prey and protection from predators. Background matching is a type of concealment in which an organism avoids recognition by resembling its background in coloration, form, or movement. In disruptive coloration, the identity and location of an animal may be concealed ...
  • camp (military)
    in military service, an area for temporary or semipermanent sheltering of troops. In most usage the word camp signifies an installation more elaborate and durable than a bivouac but less so than a fort or billet....
  • cAMP (chemical compound)
    A general characteristic of aging of the endocrine system is that the cells that once responded vigorously to hormones become less responsive. A normal chemical in cells, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), is thought to be a transmitter of hormonal information across cell membrane; it may be possible to identify the specific sites in the membrane or the cell interior at which communication......
  • CAMP (materials science)
    ...microchips (less than 0.25 micrometre), shorter wavelengths will be necessary. The problem here is that electromagnetic radiation in such frequency regions is weaker. One solution is to use the chemically amplified photoresist, or CAMP. The sensitivity of a photoresist is measured by its quantum efficiency, or the number of chemical events that occur when a photon is absorbed by the......
  • Camp Beauregard (military base, Mayfield, Kentucky, United States)
    ...and grain. Extensive local deposits of ball clay are used for ceramics and china, and other manufactures include telecommunications towers, tires, and air compressors. A monument marks the site of Camp Beauregard (1861), a Confederate base during the American Civil War evacuated (1862) and then captured by Union forces after an epidemic killed more than 1,000 Confederate troops. Inc. 1823.......
  • camp bed (furniture)
    ...might well be draped like a tent. In these surroundings, the army commanders of Napoleon’s time could feel like the caesars and consuls of ancient Rome. During a campaign, however, collapsible iron camp beds were more practical. Napoleon owned several and died in one on St. Helena in 1821. As a furniture form, the iron bed was a neutral framework built to support bedclothes and equipped ...
  • Camp David (retreat, Maryland, United States)
    rural retreat of U.S. presidents in Catoctin Mountain Park, a unit of the National Park Service on a spur of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Frederick county, northern Maryland, U.S. Camp David lies just west of Thurmont and 64 miles (103 km) northwest of Washington, D.C. The retreat, which comprises a scenic mountainous area of 200 acres (81 he...
  • Camp David Accords (Egyptian-Israeli history)
    agreements between Israel and Egypt signed on September 17, 1978, that led in the following year to a peace treaty between those two countries, the first such treaty between Israel and any of its Arab neighbours. Brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter between Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President ...
  • “Camp de la mort lente, Le” (work by Bernard)
    Bernard’s nondramatic writings include Le Camp de la mort lente (1944; The Camp of Slow Death), a description of the German concentration camp at Compiègne, in which he, as a Jew, was interned, and Mon ami le théâtre (1958; “My Friend the Theatre”)....
  • Camp de Thiaroye (film by Sembène)
    ...Ceddo (1977; “Outsiders”), an ambitious, panoramic account of aspects of African religions, was also in Wolof and was banned in his native Senegal. Camp de Thiaroye (1987; “The Camp at Thiaroye”) depicts an event in 1944 in which French troops slaughtered a camp of rebellious African war veterans. ......
  • camp fever (pathology)
    Epidemic typhus has also been called camp fever, jail fever, and war fever, names that suggest overcrowding, underwashing, and lowered standards of living. It is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii and is conveyed from person to person by the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus. The louse is infected by feeding with its......
  • Camp Fire Boys and Girls (youth organization)
    ...in 1910 by Ernest Thompson Seton, it incorporated camping as a major part of its program. Similar emphasis on camping was to be found in the Girl Guides (founded in Great Britain in 1910), the Camp Fire Boys and Girls (U.S., 1910), and the Girl Scouts (U.S., 1912; patterned after the Girl Guides). Most other organizations concerned with young people, such as the Young Men’s Christian......
  • Camp Fire, Inc. (youth organization)
    ...in 1910 by Ernest Thompson Seton, it incorporated camping as a major part of its program. Similar emphasis on camping was to be found in the Girl Guides (founded in Great Britain in 1910), the Camp Fire Boys and Girls (U.S., 1910), and the Girl Scouts (U.S., 1912; patterned after the Girl Guides). Most other organizations concerned with young people, such as the Young Men’s Christian......
  • Camp, Madeleine L’Engle (American author)
    American author of imaginative juvenile literature that is often concerned with such themes as the conflict of good and evil, the nature of God, individual responsibility, and family life....
  • Camp, Marie-Thérèse de (British actress)
    English singer, dancer, and actress who married the actor and theatrical manager Charles Kemble....
  • Camp, Maxime du (French writer and photographer)
    French writer and photographer who is chiefly known for his vivid accounts of 19th-century French life. He was a close friend of the novelist Gustave Flaubert....
  • camp meeting (religion)
    type of outdoor revival meeting that was held on the American frontier during the 19th century by various Protestant denominations. Camp meetings filled an ecclesiastical and spiritual need in the unchurched settlements as the population moved west. Their origin is obscure, but historians have generally credited James McGready (c. 1760–1817), a Presbyterian, with inaugurating the fi...
  • Camp of Slow Death, The (work by Bernard)
    Bernard’s nondramatic writings include Le Camp de la mort lente (1944; The Camp of Slow Death), a description of the German concentration camp at Compiègne, in which he, as a Jew, was interned, and Mon ami le théâtre (1958; “My Friend the Theatre”)....
  • cAMP system (biochemistry)
    ...One second-messenger system involves the activation by receptor proteins of linking proteins, which move across the membrane, bind to channel proteins, and open the channels. Another system is the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) system. In this chain reaction, receptor proteins activate linking proteins, which then activate the enzymes that synthesize cAMP. The cAMP molecules activate......
  • Camp, Walter (American sportsman)
    sports authority best known for having selected the earliest All-America teams in American college gridiron football. More important, Camp played a leading role in developing the American game as distinct from rugby football....
  • Camp, Walter Chauncey (American sportsman)
    sports authority best known for having selected the earliest All-America teams in American college gridiron football. More important, Camp played a leading role in developing the American game as distinct from rugby football....
  • Campā (ancient city, India)
    city of ancient India, the capital of the kingdom of Aṅga (a region corresponding with the eastern part of modern Bihār state), identified with two villages of that name on the south bank of the Ganges River, east of Monghyr. Nothing is known of the archaeological remains at the site....
  • Campa Arawak (people)
    ...were sedentary farmers who hunted and fished, lived in small autonomous settlements, and had little hierarchical organization. The Arawak were found as far west as the foothills of the Andes. These Campa Arawak, however, remained isolated from influences of the Andean civilizations....
  • Campagna di Roma (plain, Italy)
    lowland plain surrounding the city of Rome in Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. Occupying an area of about 800 square miles (2,100 square km), it is bounded on the northwest by the Tolfa and Sabatini mountains, on the northeast by the Sabini Mountains, on the southeast by the Alban Hills, and on the southwest by the Tyrrhenian Sea. Abandoned to marshes and malaria in the European Midd...
  • Campagna vase
    ...carried into the 19th century, during which time the flower designs became somewhat overblown, although landscapes remained on a high level. The sets of so-called Campaña vases (more properly Campagna), distantly derived from Italianate copies of the Greek krater, were often decorated with landscapes by the brothers Robert and John Brewer and others. The Brewers were pupils of the......
  • campagne (equestrian training)
    Dressage is generally divided into elementary training (campagne) and the much more advanced haute école. Elementary training consists of teaching the young horse obedience, balance, and relaxation. Starting with the horse on a longe line, or training rope, and then under the saddle, the horse is taught basic and......
  • Campagnola, Domenico (Italian artist)
    Italian painter and printmaker and one of the first professional draftsmen....
  • Campagnola, Giulio (Italian artist)
    Italian painter and engraver who anticipated by over two centuries the development of stipple engraving. Much of his significance derives from this technique: a system of delicate flicks and dots with the engraving tool, by which he achieved subtle nuances in his modeling. His only recognized work consists of his engravings; his mature style was most influenced by the lyrical Ve...
  • campaign (politics)
    Interest groups in most democracies are also a source of financial support for election campaigns. In the United States the development of political action committees (PACs) after World War II was geared to providing money to candidates running for public office. In western Europe, campaign funding is provided by many interest groups, particularly trade unions for social democratic parties as......
  • Campaign 08 (United States government)
    On November 4, 2008, after a campaign that lasted nearly two years, Americans elected Illinois senator Barack Obama their 44th president. The result was historic, as Obama, a first-term U.S. senator, is set to become, when he is inaugurated January 20, 2009, the country’s first African American president. He also was to become the first sitting U.S. senator to win electio...
  • Campaign 2008 (United States government)
    On November 4, 2008, after a campaign that lasted nearly two years, Americans elected Illinois senator Barack Obama their 44th president. The result was historic, as Obama, a first-term U.S. senator, is set to become, when he is inaugurated January 20, 2009, the country’s first African American president. He also was to become the first sitting U.S. senator to win electio...
  • campaign finance reform (American politics)
    ...cleared by the Senate in 1991 of illegalities in his dealings on Keating’s behalf, McCain was mildly rebuked for exercising “poor judgment.” Duly embarrassed, McCain became a champion of campaign finance reform; he collaborated with the liberal Democratic senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin, and, after a seven-year battle, the pair saw the McCain-Feingold Bipartisan Campaign...
  • campaign furniture (furniture)
    in Europe, variety of portable furniture made for travel. Most of the surviving examples date from the 19th century and were made for Napoleon’s campaigns; they include such items as small chests, folding seats, and washstands in three tiers resting on metal supports that could be unscrewed so that all the parts could be packed easily....
  • Campaign Reform Act (United States [2002])
    Concerns about campaign financing led to the passage of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (popularly called the “McCain-Feingold law” for its two chief sponsors in the Senate, Republican John McCain and Democrat Russell Feingold), which banned national political parties from raising soft money. The law also increased the amount individuals could contribute to candidates......
  • Campaign, The (work by Fuentes)
    ...with the early deaths of Puig and Sarduy, they encountered no young rivals of their quality. Fuentes, for instance, published La campaña (1990; The Campaign), an excellent novel about the independence period in Latin America, and Vargas Llosa wrote La fiesta del chivo (2000; The Feast of the......
  • Campaign, The (poem by Addison)
    ...leaders to write a poem worthy of the great occasion. Addison was meanwhile appointed commissioner of appeals in excise, a sinecure left vacant by the death of John Locke. The Campaign, addressed to Marlborough, was published on December 14 (though dated 1705). By its rejection of conventional classical imagery and its effective portrayal of Marlborough’s......
  • Campaigne, Philippe de (French painter)
    The influence of the highly Baroque paintings depicting the life of Marie de Médicis that Rubens had executed for the Luxembourg Palace in Paris was small. But Philippe de Campaigne evolved a grave and sober Baroque style that had its roots in the paintings of Rubens and Van Dyck rather than in Italy. Clear lighting and cool colours with an austere naturalism provided an alternative to......
  • Campaldino, Battle of (Italian history)
    (June 11, 1289), in Italian history, a battle between Florence and Arezzo, an episode in the struggles among rival Tuscan towns and in the contest between the Guelfs and Ghibellines (pro-papal and pro-imperial parties in Italy). The battle marked the beginning of the hegemony of the Florentine Guelfs over Tuscany....
  • Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Genest (French educator)
    preeminent educator of Napoleonic France and champion of a broader curriculum for women students....
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