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  • Cadbury, George (British businessman)
    English businessman and social reformer who, with his elder brother, Richard, took over their father’s failing enterprise (April 1861) and built it into the highly prosperous Cadbury Brothers cocoa- and chocolate-manufacturing firm. George was perhaps more important for his improvements in working conditions and for his successful experiments in housing and town planning....
  • caddisfly (insect)
    any of a group of mothlike insects that are attracted to lights at night and live near lakes or rivers. Because fish feed on the immature, aquatic stages and trout take flying adults, caddisflies are often used as models for fishermen’s “flies.”...
  • Caddo (people)
    one tribe within a confederacy of North American Indian tribes comprising the Caddoan linguistic family. Their name derives from a French truncation of kadohadacho, meaning “real chief” in Caddo. The Caddo proper originally occupied the lower Red River area in what are now Louisiana and Arkansas. In the late 17th century they numbered approximately 8,000 perso...
  • caddy (container)
    container for tea. A corrupt form of the Malay kati, a weight of a little more than a pound (or about half a kilogram), the word was applied first to porcelain jars filled with tea and imported into England from China. Many caddies made from silver, copper, brass, pewter, and other decorative materials, such as veneers of tortoiseshell or ivory on wood, were...
  • Cade, Jack (English revolutionary)
    leader of a major rebellion (1450) against the government of King Henry VI of England; although the uprising was suppressed, it contributed to the breakdown of royal authority that led to the Wars of the Roses (1455–85) between the houses of York and Lancaster....
  • Cade, John (English revolutionary)
    leader of a major rebellion (1450) against the government of King Henry VI of England; although the uprising was suppressed, it contributed to the breakdown of royal authority that led to the Wars of the Roses (1455–85) between the houses of York and Lancaster....
  • Cade, Toni (American author and civil-rights activist)
    American writer, civil-rights activist, and teacher who wrote about the concerns of the African-American community....
  • Cadelo, Peter (antipope)
    antipope from 1061 to 1064....
  • cadence (music)
    in music, the ending of a phrase, perceived as a rhythmic or melodic articulation or a harmonic change or all of these; in a larger sense, a cadence may be a demarcation of a half-phrase, of a section of music, or of an entire movement....
  • cadence (prosody)
    ...line [ ‖ ] to mark the caesura, or pause in the line; a rest [∧] to mark a syllable metrically expected but not actually occurring.) Such a grouping constitutes a rhythmic constant, or cadence, a pattern binding together the separate sentences and sentence fragments into a long surge of feeling. At one point in the passage, the rhythm sharpens into metre; a pattern of stressed and...
  • cadency (heraldry)
    Cadency is the use of various devices designed to show a man’s position in a family, with the aforementioned basic aim of reserving the entire arms to the head of the family and to differentiate the arms of the rest, who are the cadets, or younger members. Heraldic works in the 16th century refer to cadency marks as: a label for the eldest son during his father’s lifeti...
  • cadenza (music)
    (Italian: “cadence”), unaccompanied bravura passage introduced at or near the close of a movement of a composition and serving as a brilliant climax, particularly in solo concerti of a virtuoso character. Until well into the 19th century such interpolated passages were often improvised by the performer at suitable openings left for that purpose by the composer. They were displays no...
  • Cade’s Rebellion (English history [1450])
    Less than three months later Jack Cade, a man of obscure origins, led a popular rebellion in southeastern England. In contrast to the rising of 1381, this was not a peasant movement; Cade’s followers included many gentry, whose complaints were mainly about lack of government rather than economic repression. Thus the remedies they proposed were political, such as the resumption of royal esta...
  • Cadets, Corps of (Russian organization)
    ...demanded that institutions of learning be set up to prepare the nobility for better careers, permitting them to skip the lowest ranks. That demand was fulfilled in 1731 with the creation of the Corps of Cadets. In the course of the following decades, the original corps was expanded, and other special institutions for training the nobility were added. General education became accessible to a......
  • cadi (Muslim judge)
    a Muslim judge who renders decisions according to the Sharīʿah, the canon law of Islām. The qadi hears only religious cases such as those involving inheritance, pious bequests (waqf), marriage, and divorce, though theoretically his jurisdiction extends to both civil and criminal matters. Originally, the qadi’s work was restricted to nonadminist...
  • cadi dupé, Le (work by Gluck)
    ...de Merlin (1758), La Cythère assiégée (1759), Le Diable à quatre, L’Arbre enchanté (1759), L’Ivrogne corrigé (1760), and Le Cadi dupé (1761), which contained, in addition to the overture, a steadily increasing number of new songs in place of the stock vaudeville tunes. In La Rencontre......
  • Cadillac (Michigan, United States)
    city, seat (1882) of Wexford county, northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. It lies on the shores of Lakes Cadillac and Mitchell (linked by a canal), some 100 miles (160 km) north of Grand Rapids. Settled by lumbermen in the 1860s and incorporated in 1875 as the village of Clam Lake, it was renamed at its incorporation as a city in 1877 for the founder...
  • Cadillac (car)
    Other motorcars of this type included the Hispano-Suiza of Spain and France; the Bugatti, Delage, Delahaye, Hotchkiss, Talbot (Darracq), and Voisin of France; the Duesenberg, Cadillac, Packard, and Pierce-Arrow of the United States; the Horch, Maybach, and Mercedes-Benz of Germany; the Belgian Minerva; and the......
  • Cadillac, Antoine Laumet de La Mothe (French soldier and explorer)
    French soldier, explorer, and administrator in French North America, founder of the city of Detroit (1701), and governor of Louisiana (1710 to 1716 or 1717). Going to Canada in 1683, he fought against the Iroquois Indians, lived for a time in Maine, and first served in present-day Michigan as commandant of the important frontier post of Mackinac (1694–97)....
  • Cadillac Motors (automotive firm)
    The kind of interchangeability achieved by the “American system” was dramatically demonstrated in 1908 at the British Royal Automobile Club in London: three Cadillac cars were disassembled, the parts were mixed together, 89 parts were removed at random and replaced from dealer’s stock, and the cars were reassembled and driven 800 km (500 miles) without trouble. Henry M. Leland...
  • Cadillac Mountain (mountain, Maine, United States)
    coastal town, Hancock county, southern Maine, U.S. It is on Mount Desert Island at the foot of Cadillac Mountain (1,530 feet [466 metres]) facing Frenchman Bay, 46 miles (74 km) southeast of Bangor. Settled in 1763, it was incorporated in 1796 as Eden; the present name (for Bar Island in the main harbour) was adopted in 1918. Most of the town was destroyed by fire in 1947. Rebuilt Bar Harbor is......
  • Cadillac Ranch (monument, Amarillo, Texas, United States)
    ...the site of a major helium plant; the six-story stainless steel Helium Time Column Monument was erected in 1968 to commemorate the element. Another unusual monument, lying just west of town, is the Cadillac Ranch, where 10 vintage Cadillac automobiles stand upright, their noses encased in concrete....
  • cadinene (chemical compound)
    Cadinene, the principal component of oils of cubeb and cade, is a typical sesquiterpene of the cadalene type. It is an optically active oil with a boiling point of 274 °C (525 °F). β-Selinene, present in celery oil, is typical of the eudalene type....
  • Cádiz (Spain)
    city, capital, and principal seaport of Cádiz provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain. The city is situated on a long, narrow peninsula extending into the Gulf of Cádiz...
  • Cadiz (Philippines)
    chartered city and port, northern Negros Island, Philippines. It is one of five chartered cities and one of the principal ports on the island where most of the country’s sugar is grown and refined and where fishing is a major industry. Herring, anchovy, round scad, and mackerel are caught. Cadiz fronts north on the Visayan Sea and lies some 40 miles (65 km) northeast of t...
  • Cádiz (province, Spain)
    provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain, fronting the Mediterranean Sea to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It was formed in 1833 from districts taken from Sevilla. The enclave of Ceuta on the Morocc...
  • Cádiz, Bay of (inlet, Atlantic Ocean)
    small inlet of the Gulf of Cádiz on the North Atlantic Ocean. It is 7 miles (11 km) long and up to 5 miles (8 km) wide, indenting the coast of Cádiz province, in southwestern Spain. It receives the Guadalete River and is partially protected by the narrow Isle of León, on which the major port of Cádiz is located. Other ports along th...
  • Cádiz, Constitution of (Spanish history)
    In 1810 a Cortes (Parliament) emerged in Cádiz to represent both Spain and Spanish America. Two years later it produced a new, liberal constitution that proclaimed Spain’s American possessions to be full members of the kingdom and not mere colonies. Yet the Creoles who participated in the new Cortes were denied equal representation. Moreover, the Cortes would not concede permanent fr...
  • Cádiz, Golfo de (gulf, Atlantic Ocean)
    wide embayment of the Atlantic Ocean along the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, stretching about 200 miles (320 km) from Cape Saint Vincent (Portugal) to Gibraltar. At the Portuguese end—the south-facing area of the Algarve—the coastline consists of bold headlands and high cliffs interrupted by bay beaches, small river mouths, and numerous settlements. Continuing southward along the S...
  • Cádiz, Gulf of (gulf, Atlantic Ocean)
    wide embayment of the Atlantic Ocean along the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, stretching about 200 miles (320 km) from Cape Saint Vincent (Portugal) to Gibraltar. At the Portuguese end—the south-facing area of the Algarve—the coastline consists of bold headlands and high cliffs interrupted by bay beaches, small river mouths, and numerous settlements. Continuing southward along the S...
  • Cadman, Charles Wakefield (American composer)
    one of the first American composers to become interested in the music and folklore of the American Indian....
  • Cadmea (ancient fortress, Greece)
    ...to have been occupied originally by Ectenians under the leadership of Ogyges (Ogygus), Thebes is called Ogygion by some classical poets. Greek legend attributes the founding of the ancient citadel, Cadmea, to the brother of Europa, Cadmus, who was aided by the Spartoi (a race of warriors sprung from dragon’s teeth that Cadmus had sown). The building of the celebrated seven-gated wall of ...
  • Cadmilus (ancient deity)
    ...were promoters of fertility and protectors of seafarers. Perhaps originally indefinite in number, in classical times there appear to have been two male deities, Axiocersus and his son and attendant Cadmilus, or Casmilus, and a less-important female pair, Axierus and Axiocersa. These were variously identified by the Greeks with deities of their own pantheon. The cult included worship of the......
  • cadmium (chemical element)
    chemical element, metal of Group IIb, or the zinc group, of the periodic table....
  • cadmium chloride (chemical compound)
    Cadmium chloride and cadmium succinate are used to control turfgrass diseases. Mercury(II) chloride, or corrosive sublimate, is used as a dip to treat bulbs and tubers. Other substances occasionally used to kill fungi include chloropicrin, methyl bromide, and formaldehyde. Many antifungal substances occur naturally in plant tissues.......
  • cadmium poisoning (pathology)
    toxic effects of cadmium or its compounds on body tissues and functions. Poisoning may result from the ingestion of an acid food or drink prepared in a cadmium-lined vessel (e.g., lemonade served from cadmium-plated cans). Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and prostration usually occur within 15 minutes after ingestion and subside within 24 hours. Inhalation of cadmium fumes in industry produces...
  • cadmium succinate (chemical compound)
    Cadmium chloride and cadmium succinate are used to control turfgrass diseases. Mercury(II) chloride, or corrosive sublimate, is used as a dip to treat bulbs and tubers. Other substances occasionally used to kill fungi include chloropicrin, methyl bromide, and formaldehyde. Many antifungal substances occur naturally in plant tissues. Creosote, obtained from wood tar or coal......
  • cadmium sulfide (chemical compound)
    ...have rusted. Semiconductors are sometimes shiny and sometimes transparent but are never rusty. Many crystals can be classified as a single type of solid, while others have intermediate behaviour. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) can be prepared in pure form and is an excellent insulator; when impurities are added to cadmium sulfide, it becomes an interesting semiconductor. Bismuth (Bi) appears to be a......
  • cadmium telluride (chemical compound)
    ...created structures that are thermodynamically stable; they have many applications in the modern electronics industry. Another lattice-matched epitaxial system is mercury telluride (HgTe) and cadmium telluride (CdTe). These two semiconductors form a continuous semiconductor alloy CdxHg1 − xTe, where x is any number between 0 and 1. This......
  • Cadmus (Greek mythology)
    in Greek mythology, the son of Phoenix or Agenor (king of Phoenicia) and brother of Europa. Europa was carried off by Zeus, king of the gods, and Cadmus was sent out to find her. Unsuccessful, he consulted the Delphic oracle, which ordered him to give up his quest, follow a cow, and build a town on the spot where she lay down. The cow guided him to Boeotia (Co...
  • Cadmus, Paul (American artist)
    American artist who created paintings, drawings, and prints in a figurative, near-illustrational style during a career that spanned some 70 years....
  • Cadogan, William Cadogan, 1st Earl (British soldier)
    British soldier, an outstanding staff officer who was the friend and trusted colleague of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough....
  • Cadore, Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny, duc de (French statesman)
    French statesman and diplomat, foreign minister under Napoleon I....
  • Cadorna, Luigi (Italian general)
    general who completely reorganized Italy’s ill-prepared army on the eve of World War I and who was chief of staff during the first 30 months of that conflict....
  • cadre (education)
    ...carry on the work of political organization, agricultural and industrial production, and economic reform, and (3) remolding the behaviour, emotions, attitudes, and outlook of the people. Millions of cadres were given intensive training to carry out specific programs; there were cadres for the enforcement of the agrarian law, the marriage law, the electoral law; some were trained for industry or...
  • cadre party (politics)
    Cadre parties—i.e., parties dominated by politically elite groups of activists—developed in Europe and America during the 19th century. Except in some of the states of the United States, France from 1848, and the German Empire from 1871, the suffrage was largely restricted to taxpayers and property owners, and, even when the right to vote was given to larger numbers of......
  • CADS
    ...trains are not running on schedule, and recommendations for revision of train priorities to minimize disruption of scheduled operation. In North America, where many main lines are single-track, the Computer-Assisted Dispatching System (CADS) can relieve the operator of much routine work. At Union Pacific’s Omaha centre, once the dispatcher has entered a train’s identity and priori...
  • caduceus (staff)
    staff carried by Hermes, the messenger of the gods, as a symbol of peace. Among the ancient Greeks and Romans it became the badge of heralds and ambassadors, signifying their inviolability. Originally the caduceus was a rod or olive branch ending in two shoots and decorated with garlands or ribbons. Later the garlands were interpreted as two snakes entwined in opposite direction...
  • caduta de’ giganti, La (work by Gluck)
    ...by the Stuart rising, all theatres in London were closed before Gluck arrived in England. When the situation became calmer, theatrical activities recommenced with a performance of Gluck’s opera La caduta de’ giganti on Jan. 17, 1746; the libretto, by A.F. Vanneschi, glorified the hero of the day, the Duke of Cumberland, after his victory at Culloden over the forces of Princ...
  • Caduveo (people)
    South American Indians of the Argentine, Paraguayan, and Brazilian Chaco, speakers of a Guaycuruan language. At their peak of expansion, they lived throughout the area between the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers in the eastern Chaco. At one time nomadic hunters and gatherers, the Mbayá became feared warlike horsemen shortly after they encountered the Spanish and their horses....
  • Cadwalader (king of Wessex)
    king of the West Saxons, or Wessex (from 685 or 686), who claimed descent from King Ceawlin. In his youth he was driven from Wessex and led the life of an outlaw, and in 685 he began harrying Sussex. In that year he obtained the Wessex throne and brutally invaded Sussex, then Kent and the Isle of Wight. Suddenly, in 688, he turned Christian, with the same devotion that he had previously shown as a...
  • Cadwalader (English king of Gwynedd)
    British king of Gwynedd (in present north Wales) who, with the Mercian king Penda, invaded Northumbria in 632 or 633, killed the Northumbrian king Edwin in battle in Hatfield Chase (south of York), and devastated the region. A year later Cadwallon was defeated and slain by Oswald, who became king of Northumbria, ending one of the greatest Welsh threats to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom...
  • Cadwalader, George (American general)
    ...activities. Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, sitting as a federal circuit court judge, issued a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that Merryman was illegally detained. General George Cadwalader, in command of Fort McHenry, refused to obey the writ, however, on the basis that President Abraham Lincoln had suspended habeas corpus....
  • Cadwallon (English king of Gwynedd)
    British king of Gwynedd (in present north Wales) who, with the Mercian king Penda, invaded Northumbria in 632 or 633, killed the Northumbrian king Edwin in battle in Hatfield Chase (south of York), and devastated the region. A year later Cadwallon was defeated and slain by Oswald, who became king of Northumbria, ending one of the greatest Welsh threats to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom...
  • Cady, Elizabeth (American suffragist)
    American leader in the women’s rights movement who in 1848 formulated the first organized demand for woman suffrage in the United States....
  • Cadzow Castle (castle, Hamilton, Scotland, United Kingdom)
    ...west-central Scotland, situated near the junction of Avon Water and the River Clyde, just southeast of the metropolitan complex of Glasgow. The area has been settled since prehistoric times. Cadzow Castle, 2 miles (3 km) southeast, was a royal residence from the 10th century. The town took its name in 1445 from the Hamilton family, to whom it was given by Robert I (the Bruce) after the......
  • CAE
    in industry, the integration of design and manufacturing into a system under the direct control of digital computers. CAE combines the use of computers in industrial-design work, computer-aided design (CAD), with their use in manufacturing operations, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). This integrated process is commonly called CAD/CAM. CAD systems generally consist of a comput...
  • Caecilia thompsoni (amphibian)
    Several species of caecilians in the South American genus Caecilia exceed 1 metre (about 3.3 feet) in total length; the largest known caecilian is C. thompsoni, at 152 cm (about 60 inches). The smallest caecilians are Idiocranium russeli in West Africa and Grandisonia brevis in......
  • Caecilian (bishop of Carthage)
    a member of a Christian group in North Africa that broke with the Roman Catholics in 312 over the election of Caecilian as bishop of Carthage; the name derived from their leader, Donatus (d. c. 355). Historically, the Donatists belong to the tradition of early Christianity that produced the Montanist and Novatianist movements in Asia Minor and the Melitians in Egypt. They opposed state......
  • Caeciliidae (amphibian family)
    ...copulatory organ in males; aquatic larvae (with gill slits but no external gills), direct development of terrestrial eggs, or viviparous; about 170 species.Family CaeciliidaePaleocene (65.5–55.8 million years ago) to present; tail absent; mouth recessed; premaxillae fused with nasals; prefrontals absent; squamosal articulating....
  • Caecilius of Calacte (Greek rhetorician)
    Greek rhetorician who was one of the most important critics and rhetoricians of the Augustan age. The Byzantine Suda lexicon says that he was Jewish....
  • Caecilius, Statius (Roman poet)
    Roman comic poet who was ranked by the literary critic Volcatius Sedigitus at the head of all Roman writers of comedy....
  • Caecina Alienus, Aulus (Roman general)
    Roman general who, during the civil wars of 69, played a decisive role in making first Aulus Vitellius and then Vespasian rulers of the empire....
  • Caecobarbus geertsi (fish)
    ...is Astyanax mexicanus (previously Anoptichthys jordani), an eyeless, 7.5-centimetre characin (family Characidae) found in Mexico and often kept in home aquariums. Others include Caecobarbus geertsi, an African member of the minnow family (Cyprinidae), and certain catfish belonging to several families and found in the United States, Mexico, South America, and Africa....
  • Caeculus (Greek mythological figure)
    ...as his epithets Quietus and Mulciber (Fire Allayer) suggest. Because he was a deity of destructive fire, his temples were properly located outside the city. In Roman myth Vulcan was the father of Caeculus, founder of Praeneste (now Palestrina, Italy). His story is told by Servius, the 4th-century-ad commentator on Virgil. Vulcan was also father of the monster Cacus, who was killed...
  • caecum (anatomy)
    pouch or large tubelike structure in the lower abdominal cavity that receives undigested food material from the small intestine and is considered the first region of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum (the final portion of the small intestine) by the ileocecal valve (also called Bauhin v...
  • Caedmon (English poet)
    first Old English Christian poet, whose fragmentary hymn to the creation remains a symbol of the adaptation of the aristocratic-heroic Anglo-Saxon verse tradition to the expression of Christian themes. His story is known from Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which tells how Caedmon, an illiterate herdsman, retired from company one night in shame...
  • Caedmon manuscript (Old English paraphrases)
    Old English scriptural paraphrases copied about 1000, given in 1651 to the scholar Franciscus Junius by Archbishop James Ussher of Armagh and now in the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. It contains the poems Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, and Christ and Satan, originally attributed to Caedmon because these subjects correspond roughly to the subj...
  • Caedwalla (king of Wessex)
    king of the West Saxons, or Wessex (from 685 or 686), who claimed descent from King Ceawlin. In his youth he was driven from Wessex and led the life of an outlaw, and in 685 he began harrying Sussex. In that year he obtained the Wessex throne and brutally invaded Sussex, then Kent and the Isle of Wight. Suddenly, in 688, he turned Christian, with the same devotion that he had previously shown as a...
  • Caedwalla (English king of Gwynedd)
    British king of Gwynedd (in present north Wales) who, with the Mercian king Penda, invaded Northumbria in 632 or 633, killed the Northumbrian king Edwin in battle in Hatfield Chase (south of York), and devastated the region. A year later Cadwallon was defeated and slain by Oswald, who became king of Northumbria, ending one of the greatest Welsh threats to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom...
  • Caelestius (Pelagian theologian)
    one of the first and probably the most outstanding of the disciples of the British theologian Pelagius....
  • Caelian (hill, Rome, Italy)
    Almost half parkland, the Caelian includes the public park of Villa Celimontana, once the garden of the Mattei family, who had another on the Palatine, a clutch of palaces in the Campus Martius, and another in the Trastevere quarter. The six churches on the hill date from the 4th to the 9th century....
  • Caelica (poem by Greville)
    ...dismissal of the court—often draw their resonance from the resources of the plain style. Another courtier whose writing suggests similar pressures is Greville. His Caelica (published 1633) begins as a conventional sonnet sequence but gradually abandons Neoplatonism for pessimistic reflections on religion and politics. Other works in his sinewy and......
  • Caelius Aurelianus (Greco-Roman physician)
    the last of the medical writers of the Western Roman Empire, usually considered the greatest Greco-Roman physician after Galen. Caelius probably practiced and taught in Rome and is now thought to rank second only to the physician Celsus as a Latin medical writer. His most famous work, De morbis acutis et chronicis (“Concerning Acute and Chronic Diseases”), is a thorough exposi...
  • Caelius Rufus, Marcus (Roman politician)
    Roman politician and close friend of Cicero. He is possibly also the Rufus whom the poet Catullus accused of stealing his mistress Clodia. At her instigation Caelius, who had deserted her, was prosecuted for vis (“violent acts”) in 56, but Cicero and Marcus Licinius Crassus spoke in Caelius’ defense and he was acq...
  • Caemgen (patron of Dublin)
    one of the patron saints of Dublin, founder of the monastery of Glendalough....
  • Caen (France)
    city, capital of Calvados département, Basse-Normandie région, northwestern France, on the Orne River, 9 miles (14 km) from the English Channel, southwest of Le Havre. It first became important under the Norman dukes in the 10th and 11th centuries and was the capital of lower Normandy in the tim...
  • Caen Canal Bridge (bridge, Caen, France)
    ...coup de main placed both bridges in Allied hands. Howard’s company thus became the first attackers of the Normandy Invasion on French soil and the first unit to achieve its objective on D-Day. The Caen Canal bridge was soon immortalized as Pegasus Bridge, named after the insignia of the 6th Airborne Division....
  • Caen, Herb (American journalist)
    , American newspaper columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle, 1938-50 and 1958-97, and San Francisco Examiner, 1950-58; his longtime encomiums on San Francisco, characterized by pithy wordplay and, later, nostalgia, earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1996 (b. April 3, 1916--d. Feb. 1, 1997)....
  • Caen, Herbert Eugene (American journalist)
    , American newspaper columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle, 1938-50 and 1958-97, and San Francisco Examiner, 1950-58; his longtime encomiums on San Francisco, characterized by pithy wordplay and, later, nostalgia, earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1996 (b. April 3, 1916--d. Feb. 1, 1997)....
  • Caen Mémorial (museum, Caen, France)
    ...Saint-Gilles, faces the city’s southwest side, and public gardens were planted in the city centre. The university, founded in 1432 by Henry VI of England, was resited and reopened in 1957. The Caen Memorial (opened 1988) is a museum dedicated to both war and peace....
  • Caene (Egypt)
    town and capital of Qinā muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt, on a canal 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the Nile River at its great bend, opposite Dandarah. The town was called Caene (New Town) by the ancient Greeks to distinguish it from Coptos (now Qifṭ), 14 miles south, whose trade with Arabia, India, and China it eventually acquired. The s...
  • Caeneus (Greek mythology)
    in Greek mythology, the son of Elatus, a Lapith from the mountains of Thessaly in what is now northern Greece. At the marriage of Pirithous, king of the Lapiths, the Centaurs (creatures part man and part horse), who were guests, attacked the bride and other women. Caeneus joined in the ensuing battle and, because of his invulnerable body, ki...
  • Caenis (Roman freedwoman)
    ...who bore his sons Titus and Domitian and a daughter, Flavia Domitilla (later deified). Both his wife and daughter died before he became emperor. He then returned to an earlier mistress, called Caenis, who had been a freedwoman of Antonia, sister-in-law to the emperor Tiberius; she too died before he did....
  • Caenolestidae (mammal family)
    ...Paucituberculata (shrew, or rat, opossums)5 species in 1 family.Family Caenolestidae5 species in 3......
  • Caenophidia (snake superfamily)
    ...1–2.7 metres. Marine. Left lung absent, tracheal lung present. Bears living young. One fossil species from the Miocene of Pakistan.Superfamily Colubroidea (“higher snakes”)More than 2,300 species in 410 genera. Some groups have a tubular fang at the anterior end o...
  • Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)
    The terrestrial bacteria-feeding nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is of interest to developmental biologists because unique features have made it invaluable for the analysis of the genetics of development and for other aspects. A generation may take as little as 3 12 days to develop, and each hermaphrodite lays between 200 and 300 eggs. The sequence of......
  • Caerdydd (Wales, United Kingdom)
    city and capital of Wales. Cardiff constitutes a separate county, which is part of the historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg). Cardiff is located on the Bristol Channel at the mouth of the River Taff, about 150 miles (240 km) west of London....
  • Caere (ancient city, Italy)
    ancient city of Etruria, about 30 miles (50 km) northwest of Rome. Through its port, Pyrgi (present-day Santa Severa), the city became an important trading centre in close contact with Carthage, on the northern coast of Africa in what is now Tunisia. Its citizens are reported to have saved Roman priests and sacred objects from the Gauls who sacked Rome in 390 or 387 bc. Perhaps after...
  • Caerffili (county borough, Wales, United Kingdom)
    county borough, southeastern Wales. The area west of the River Rhymney forms part of the historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), and the area east of the river belongs to the historic county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy). Caerphilly county borough extends from the edge of Brecon Beacons National Park in the north to the outskirts of the cit...
  • Caerffili (Wales, United Kingdom)
    castle town, Caerphilly county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), Wales. The town grew up outside a 13th-century castle. The still-incomplete structure was destroyed in 1270 by the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd but was rebuilt from 1271 onward, with some 14th-century additions. Covering 30 acres (12 hec...
  • Caerfyrddin (Wales, United Kingdom)
    town, administrative centre of the historic and present county of Carmarthenshire (Sir Gaerfyrddin), Wales. The town of Carmarthen is located on the River Tywi 8 miles (13 km) above its Bristol Channel mouth. Recognizing the site’s strategic importance, both Romans and Normans built strongholds at Carmarthen, which commands a major river crossing on the coastal route acro...
  • Caergybi (Wales, United Kingdom)
    port and resort on Holy Island (Ynys Gybi), Isle of Anglesey county, historic county of Anglesey (Sir Fon), Wales. Holyhead and Holy Island, just off the west coast of Anglesey island, bear many traces of prehistoric, Celtic, and Roman occupation. In 1801 Holyhead was selected as a port for trade with Ireland, but the chief stimuli to its growth came with a new main road from th...
  • Caerleon (Wales, United Kingdom)
    town, archaeological site, and residential suburb of Newport, Newport county borough, historic county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy), Wales, on the River Usk. It was important as the Roman fortress of Isca Silurum, which was, with Deva (Chester) and Eboracum (York), one of the permanent legionary bases in Britain. The foundation of the fortress, set on a terrace...
  • Caerllion (Wales, United Kingdom)
    town, archaeological site, and residential suburb of Newport, Newport county borough, historic county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy), Wales, on the River Usk. It was important as the Roman fortress of Isca Silurum, which was, with Deva (Chester) and Eboracum (York), one of the permanent legionary bases in Britain. The foundation of the fortress, set on a terrace...
  • Caernarfon (Wales, United Kingdom)
    town, Gwynedd county, historic county of Caernarvonshire (Sir Gaernarfon), Wales, near the west end of the Menai Strait separating the mainland from Anglesey....
  • Caernarfon (former county, Wales, United Kingdom)
    historic county of northwestern Wales, bordered on the north by the Irish Sea, on the east by Denbighshire, on the south by the county of Merioneth and Cardigan Bay, and on the west by Caernarfon Bay and the Menai Strait, which separates it from Anglesey. The total area is 569 square miles (1,473 square km). Most of the historic county lies within the present and larger county o...
  • Caernarfon Castle (castle, Caernarfon, Gwynedd, Wales, United Kingdom)
    ...around the motte and a walled borough adjacent to it, with a grid pattern of streets. The borough, to which he granted a charter in 1284, was made the capital of North Wales, and it was at the castle that his son, prince of Wales and later Edward II, was born in 1284. Only since 1911, however, has the castle been used for the investiture of the prince of Wales. Both castle and town walls......
  • Caernarvon (Wales, United Kingdom)
    town, Gwynedd county, historic county of Caernarvonshire (Sir Gaernarfon), Wales, near the west end of the Menai Strait separating the mainland from Anglesey....
  • Caernarvon (former county, Wales, United Kingdom)
    historic county of northwestern Wales, bordered on the north by the Irish Sea, on the east by Denbighshire, on the south by the county of Merioneth and Cardigan Bay, and on the west by Caernarfon Bay and the Menai Strait, which separates it from Anglesey. The total area is 569 square miles (1,473 square km). Most of the historic county lies within the present and larger county o...
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