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  • Edmund of Woodstock (English noble)
    youngest brother of England’s King Edward II, whom he supported to the forfeit of his own life....
  • Edmund the Deed-Doer (king of England)
    king of the English (939–946), who recaptured areas of northern England that had been occupied by the Vikings....
  • Edmund the Martyr, Saint (king of East Anglia)
    king of East Anglia (from 855)....
  • Edmunds, George Franklin (United States senator)
    U.S. senator and constitutional lawyer, who for a quarter of a century was a participant in the most important legislative developments of the time....
  • Edmundus Magnificus (king of England)
    king of the English (939–946), who recaptured areas of northern England that had been occupied by the Vikings....
  • EDNA (explosive)
    Several explosives, although previously known, only came into use during World War II. The most important of these were RDX, PETN, and ethylenediaminedinitrate (EDNA), all of which were cast with varying amounts of TNT, usually 40 to 50 percent, and used where the highest possible shattering power was desired. For example, cast 60–40 RDX-TNT, called cyclotol, develops a detonation......
  • Edo (Japan)
    city and capital of Tokyo to (metropolis) and of Japan. It is located at the head of Tokyo Bay on the Pacific coast of central Honshu. It is the focus of the vast metropolitan area often called Greater Tokyo, the largest urban and industrial agglomeration in Japan....
  • Edo (Nigeria)
    capital and largest city of Edo state, southern Nigeria. Benin City is situated on a branch of the Benin River and lies along the main highways from Lagos to the Niger bridge at Asaba and the eastern states. The city is also linked by roads to Sapele, Siluko, Okene, and Ubiaja and is served by air and the Niger River delta ports of Koko and ...
  • Edo (state, Nigeria)
    state, southern Nigeria. It is bounded by the states of Kogi to the northeast and east, Anambra to the east, Delta to the southeast and south, and Ondo to the west and northwest; the Niger River flows along the state’s eastern boundary. Benin City is the state capital and largest urban centre....
  • Edo (people)
    people of southern Nigeria who speak a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The Edo numbered about 3.8 million at the turn of the 21st century. Their territory is west of the Niger River and extends from hilly country in the north to swamps in the Niger Delta. Edo is also the vernacular name for Ben...
  • Edo bakufu (Japanese history)
    ...dismissed Hotta from office. Although the shogunate was temporarily able to reassert its leadership, Hotta’s actions helped kindle the movement that restored power to the emperor and toppled the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868....
  • Edo culture
    In the early 19th century the urban culture that had arisen in the 17th century reached full maturity. Supported originally by wealthy townspeople and warriors, this Edo urban culture spread widely among the urban dwellers of Japan’s major cities and castle towns. In the 17th century literary and artistic production had centered in the Kyōto-Ōsaka area, but late Tokugawa cultu...
  • Edo language (African language)
    ...of languages. Delta-Edoid consists of three languages; southwestern Edoid, five languages, the largest of which is Urhobo (400,000); north-central Edoid, six languages, of which the principal one is Edo (1,000,000 speakers); and northwestern Edoid, seven languages....
  • Edo period (Japanese history)
    (1603–1867), the final period of traditional Japan, a time of internal peace, political stability, and economic growth under the shogunate (military dictatorship) founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. As shogun, Ieyasu achieved hegemony over the entire country by balancing the power of potentially hostile domains (tozama) with strategically placed allies (fudai) and c...
  • Edo shogunate (Japanese history)
    ...dismissed Hotta from office. Although the shogunate was temporarily able to reassert its leadership, Hotta’s actions helped kindle the movement that restored power to the emperor and toppled the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868....
  • Edoid languages
    The 21 Edoid languages are spoken in southern Nigeria, primarily in Bendel state but in neighbouring states as well. The Edoid family can be divided into four main groups of languages. Delta-Edoid consists of three languages; southwestern Edoid, five languages, the largest of which is Urhobo (400,000); north-central Edoid, six languages, of which the principal one is Edo (1,000,000 speakers);......
  • Edom (ancient country, Middle East)
    ancient land bordering ancient Israel, in what is now southwestern Jordan, between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. The Edomites probably occupied the area about the 13th century bc. Though closely related to the Israelites (according to the Bible, they were descendants of Esau), they had frequent conflicts with them and were probably subject to them at the tim...
  • Edom (biblical figure)
    in the Old Testament (Genesis 25:19–34; 27; 28:6–9; 32:3–21; 33:1–16; 36), son of Isaac and Rebekah, elder twin brother of Jacob, and in Hebrew tradition the ancestor of the Edomites....
  • Edomite (ancient people)
    ancient land bordering ancient Israel, in what is now southwestern Jordan, between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. The Edomites probably occupied the area about the 13th century bc. Though closely related to the Israelites (according to the Bible, they were descendants of Esau), they had frequent conflicts with them and were probably subject to them at the time of the Israelite ...
  • Edopoidea (amphibian superfamily)
    ...(dissorophoids)Middle Pennsylvanian to Lower Triassic. Vertebrae strongly ossified; dorsal surface often with bony armor.†Family Trematopidae (trematopids)Upper Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian. Vertebrae weakly ossified, large......
  • Édouard I de Beaujeu (marshal of France)
    From the 10th to the 13th century, the seigneurs (lords) of Beaujeu gradually enlarged their possessions into a considerable feudal lordship. Édouard I de Beaujeu, marshal of France, fought at the Battle of Crécy (1346) and perished in the Battle of Ardres in 1351. His son died without issue in 1374 and was succeeded by his cousin Édouard II, who gave his estates of......
  • Édouard, Lac (lake, Africa)
    one of the great lakes of the Western Rift Valley in eastern Africa. It lies astride the border of Congo (Kinshasa) and Uganda at an elevation of 2,992 feet (912 m) and is 48 miles (77 km) long and 26 miles (42 km) wide. On the northeast it is connected to the smaller Lake George. The two lakes have a combined surface area of 970 square miles (2,500 square km). From Lake George, which receives the...
  • Edouart, Farciot (American special effects artist)
    ...lyrics by Leo RobinHonorary Award: J. Arthur Ball, Deanna Durbin, Mickey Rooney, Harry M. WarnerHonorary Award: Walt Disney for Snow White and the Seven DwarfsHonorary Award: Jan Domela, Farciot Edouart, Loyal Griggs, Dev Jennings, Gordon Jennings, Louis H. Mesenkop, Harry Mills, Walter Oberst,......
  • EDR (neurophysiology)
    a change in the electrical properties of the body (probably of the skin) following noxious stimulation, stimulation that produces emotional reaction, and, to some extent, stimulation that attracts the subject’s attention and leads to an aroused alertness. The response appears as an increase in the electrical conductance of the skin (a decrease in resistance) across the palms of the hands or...
  • Edred (king of England)
    king of the English from 946 to 955, who brought Northumbria permanently under English rule. Eadred was the son of the West Saxon king Edward the Elder (ruled 899–924) and Eadgifu, the half brother of King Athelstan (ruled 924–939), and the brother of King Edmund I (ruled 939–946). Upon Eadred’s accession to power, the Northumbrians acknowledged his overlordship, but th...
  • Edrei (Syria)
    town, southwestern Syria. Darʿā, which is the chief town of the Ḥawrān (a region of southwestern Syria), is a road and rail junction located less than 6 miles (10 km) from the Jordanian border on the Wadi Jride. It is the focal point for communications between Amman, Jerusalem, Haifa, and Damascus. There are no local industries, but Darʿ...
  • EDRF (chemical compound)
    ...work for which he shared the Nobel Prize, Furchgott demonstrated that cells in the endothelium, or inner lining, of blood vessels produce an unknown signaling molecule. The molecule, which he named endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), signals smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls to relax, dilating the vessels. Furchgott’s work would eventually be linked with research done by ...
  • Edric Streona (Mercian noble)
    ealdorman of the Mercians, who, though a man of ignoble birth, was advanced to the revived office of ealdorman by the English king Ethelred II, whose daughter Eadgyth Eadric married....
  • Edrioasteroidea (class of echinoderms)
    ...about 375,000,000–460,000,000 years ago; small, disk-shaped; theca composed of numerous plates; ambulacral system with multiple branching.†Class EdrioasteroideaLower Cambrian to Lower Carboniferous about 340,000,000–570,000,000 years ago; discoid to cylindrical; 5 well-developed straight or curved amb...
  • Edrioblastoidea (class of echinoderms)
    ...years ago; discoid to cylindrical; 5 well-developed straight or curved ambulacral food grooves radiate from a central mouth.†Class EdrioblastoideaMiddle Ordovician about 375,000,000 years ago; stalked form with spheroidal theca; 5 well-developed food......
  • EDS
    ...baggage both became subject to strict scrutiny following Sept. 11, 2001. Many additional airports installed X-ray equipment, for spotting metal items in baggage or concealed in clothing, and massive electronic detection systems (EDS), which can detect trace molecules released by explosive materials. The massive weight of EDS equipment frequently requires structural modifications to existing......
  • EDS (American company)
    ...He was commissioned in the U.S. Navy in 1953 and served until 1957, after which he worked as a salesman for International Business Machines (IBM). In 1962 Perot quit IBM and formed his own company, Electronic Data Systems (EDS), to design, install, and operate computer data-processing systems for clients on a contractual basis. EDS grew by processing medical claims for Blue Cross and other......
  • EDSAC (computer)
    the first full-size stored-program computer, built at the University of Cambridge, Eng., by Maurice Wilkes and others to provide a formal computing service for users. EDSAC was built according to the von Neumann machine principles enunciated by the Hungarian American scientist John von Neumann and, like the Manchester Mark I, became operational in 1949. Wilkes...
  • Edsel (automobile)
    ...may be an interval of five years between this survey and the appearance of the new car in the dealers’ showrooms, there is a distinct element of risk, as illustrated by the Ford Motor Company’s Edsel of the late 1950s. (Market research had indicated a demand for a car in a relatively high price range, but, by the time the Edsel appeared, both public taste and economic conditions h...
  • Edson, Emily Pomona (American journalist)
    American journalist, one of the first women to acquire a national reputation in the field....
  • Edson, Katherine Philips (American reformer)
    American reformer and public official, a strong influence on behalf of woman suffrage and an important figure in securing and enforcing labour standards both in California and at the federal level....
  • Edström, J. Sigfrid (Swedish sports administrator)
    ...responsible for determining all questions of Olympic eligibility and competition in their sport. The International Federation of Rowing Associations was founded in 1892, even before the IOC. In 1912 Sigfrid Edström, later president of the IOC, founded the IF for athletics (track and field), the earliest of Olympic sports and perhaps the Games’ special focus. Because such sports as...
  • EDTA (chemical compound)
    EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or its sodium salt has the property of combining with certain metal ions to form a molecular complex that locks up or chelates the calcium ion so that it no longer exhibits ionic properties. In hard water, calcium and magnesium ions are thus inactivated, and the water is effectively softened. EDTA can form similar complexes with other metallic ions....
  • Eduardo Mondlane University (university, Maputo, Mozambique)
    The national university, established in 1962 and renamed Eduardo Mondlane University in 1976 for the first president of Frelimo, offers courses through a range of faculties, centres, and schools. Other universities include the Catholic University of Mozambique (1995) and Higher Polytechnic and University Institute (1994), both of which have branches in multiple cities....
  • education
    discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships)....
  • Education: A First Book (work by Thorndike)
    ...to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements (1904). Other important works in the early part of his career were The Principles of Teaching Based on Psychology (1906), Education: A First Book (1912), and Educational Psychology, 3 vol. (1913–14; 2nd ed., 1921). These books were responsible for many of the earliest applications of psych...
  • Education Act (United Kingdom [1902])
    ...1899 an advance was made toward the development of a national system encompassing both elementary and secondary education by creating a Board of Education as the central authority for education. The Balfour Act of 1902 established a comprehensive system of local government for both secondary and elementary education. It created new local education authorities and empowered them to provide......
  • Education Act (United Kingdom [1870])
    British statesman noted for his Education Act of 1870, which established in Great Britain the elements of a primary school system, and for his term (1880–82) as chief secretary for Ireland, where his repression of the radical Land League won him the nickname “Buckshot Forster.”...
  • Education Act (United Kingdom [1918])
    ...of local government for both secondary and elementary education. It created new local education authorities and empowered them to provide secondary schools and develop technical education. The Education Act of 1918 (The Fisher Act) aimed at the establishment of a “national system of public education available for all persons capable of profiting thereby.” Local authorities were......
  • Education Act (United Kingdom [1944])
    The Education Act of 1944 involved a thorough recasting of the educational system. The Board of Education was replaced by a minister who was to direct and control the local education authorities, thereby assuring a more even standard of educational opportunity throughout England and Wales. Every local education authority was required to submit for the minister’s approval a development plan ...
  • Education Act (New Zealand [1877])
    The basic national legislation was passed in 1877. The Education Act provided for public elementary education that would be secular, free to age 15, and compulsory to age 13. Because of enforcement difficulties and legal exceptions, the compulsory clause was rather loose, but it instituted the rule. It was strengthened between 1885 and 1898, and high-school enrollments increased steadily after......
  • Education and Science, Department of (British government agency)
    Ultimate authority for education is at the national level, with the Department of Education and Science (formerly the Ministry of Education) headed by the secretary of state for education and science. The department is the agent of governmental policy. It reaches schools through circulars and directives as well as through Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. The inspectors increasingly advi...
  • Education, Bureau of (former bureau, United States)
    ...to Memphis, Tenn., where he received a two-year appointment in 1867 as state superintendent of public instruction. In 1870 President Grant appointed him commissioner of the recently created U.S. Bureau of Education. Under his administration, the bureau grew from an insignificant office in the Department of the Interior to a well-staffed, highly influential repository of educational......
  • Education, Department of (United States government)
    ...years later the Morrill Act disbursed many thousands of acres to enable the states to promote a “liberal and practical education.” Soon thereafter, the government created the federal Department of Education under the Department of the Interior and, in 1953, established the Office of Education in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. As the independent Department of......
  • education, elementary
    the first stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning at about age 5 to 7 and ending at about age 11 to 13. In the United Kingdom and some other countries, the term primary is used instead of elementary. In the United States the term primary customarily refers to only the first three years of elementary education—i.e., grades 1 to 3. Elementary education is often precede...
  • “Éducation européenne, L’ ” (novel by Gary)
    Lithuanian-born French novelist whose first work, L’Éducation européenne (1945; Forest of Anger), won him immediate acclaim. Humanistic and optimistic despite its graphic depictions of the horrors of World War II, the novel was later revised and reissued in English as Nothing Important Ever Dies (1960)....
  • Education for All Handicapped Children Act (United States [1975])
    ...going has been difficult. In 1958 Congress appropriated $1 million to help prepare teachers of mentally retarded children. Thenceforward, federal aid for the handicapped steadily increased. With the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975—and with corresponding legislation in states and communities—facilities, program development, teacher preparation, and employment......
  • education, higher
    any of various types of education given in postsecondary institutions of learning and usually affording, at the end of a course of study, a named degree, diploma, or certificate of higher studies. Higher-educational institutions include not only universities and colleges but also various professional schools that provide preparation in such fields as law, theology, medicine, business, music, and a...
  • Education manquée, Une (opera by Chabrier)
    ...he was self-taught. From 1862 to 1880, while he was employed as a lawyer at the Ministry of the Interior, he composed the operas L’Étoile (1877; “The Star”) and Une Éducation manquée (“A Deficient Education”), first performed with piano accompaniment in 1879 and with orchestra in 1913. Between 1863 and 1865, working with the....
  • education novel (literature)
    a genre popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in which a plan of education was set forth for a young person. The education novel was similar to the Bildungsroman but less well developed in terms of characters and plot and narrower in scope. Examples include Henry Brooke’s The Fool of Quality and Jean-Jacques Rousseau...
  • Education of a Christian Prince (work by Erasmus)
    ...honorary councillor to the 16-year-old archduke Charles, the future Charles V, and was commissioned to write Institutio principis Christiani (1516; The Education of a Christian Prince) and Querela pacis (1517; The Complaint of Peace). These works expressed Erasmus’ own convictions, but the...
  • Education of a Golfer, The (work by Snead)
    Snead was elected to the PGA Hall of Fame in 1953. His autobiography, The Education of a Golfer (1962), was written in collaboration with Al Stump; he also wrote several books on golf instruction. One of the game’s most beloved and ingratiating players, Snead’s sly wit is reflected in his advice to an amateur golfer: “You’ve got just one problem...
  • Education of American Teachers, The (book by Conant)
    ...combined with a units/credits system, as in some universities in Japan and the United States, it is claimed that one result is an undesirable fragmentation of study and effort. In his influential Education of American Teachers (1963), James B. Conant recommended that half the course requirements of the four-year program of preparation for elementary teachers should be given over to......
  • Education of Colored Youth, Institution for the (school, Washington, District of Columbia, United States)
    ...as Miner Normal School, it became part of the District of Columbia public school system. In 1929 it became Miner Teachers College, and in 1955 it merged with Wilson Teachers College to form the District of Columbia Teachers College....
  • Education of Henry Adams, The (work by Adams)
    The Education of Henry Adams (printed privately, 1906; published 1918) was a companion volume to Chartres. The Education remains Adams’ best known work and one of the most distinguished of all autobiographies. In contrast to Chartres, the Education centred upon the 20th-century universe of multiplicity, particularly the exploding world of science and......
  • Education of H*Y*M*A*N K*A*P*L*A*N, The (work by Rosten)
    In 1937 Rosten (as Leonard Q. Ross) published The Education of H*Y*M*A*N K*A*P*L*A*N; the book, based on the author’s experiences teaching English to immigrants, is full of puns and malapropisms based on the fractured English of the cherubic, naive Kaplan, for whom the plural of “sandwich” is “delicatessen.” The novel was acclaimed for its high spirits and...
  • Education of Man, The (work by Froebel)
    ...community, and the school expanded into a flourishing institution. During this time Froebel wrote numerous articles and in 1826 published his most important treatise, Menschenerziehung (The Education of Man), a philosophical presentation of principles and methods pursued at Keilhau....
  • Education of the Human Race, The (work by Lessing)
    Lessing’s last work, Die Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts (1780; The Education of the Human Race), is a treatise that closely reflects the working of his mind and expresses his belief in the perfectibility of the human race. In the history of the world’s religions, Lessing saw a developing moral awareness that would, he believed, eventually attain the peak of universal...
  • Education of the World, The (work by Temple)
    Despite the controversy aroused by his contribution “The Education of the World” to Essays and Reviews (1860), which was considered too liberal in its religious views, Temple went on to establish his reputation as an educational reformer in his work for the Schools Enquiry Commission (1864–67). An Anglican convocation in 1864, however, censured his essay, and, upon his....
  • Education Order (Japanese education)
    ...its authority over education to the local governments, as in the United States, to reflect local needs in schooling. Thus, in 1879 the government nullified the Gakusei and put into force the Kyōikurei, or Education Order, which made for rather less centralization. Not only did the new law abolish the district system that had divided the country into districts, it also reduced......
  • education, philosophy of
    philosophical reflection on the nature, aims, and problems of education. The philosophy of education is Janus-faced, looking both inward to the parent discipline of philosophy and outward to educational practice. (In this respect it is like other areas of “applied” philosophy, such as the philosophy of law, the philosophy of science...
  • education, preschool
    education during the earliest phases of childhood, beginning in infancy and ending upon entry into primary school at about five, six, or seven years of age (the age varying from country to country)....
  • education, primary
    the first stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning at about age 5 to 7 and ending at about age 11 to 13. In the United Kingdom and some other countries, the term primary is used instead of elementary. In the United States the term primary customarily refers to only the first three years of elementary education—i.e., grades 1 to 3. Elementary education is often precede...
  • education, professional
    Most of the initiatives for the education and training of professionals have come from librarians or their professional associations. In the United States the first university school for librarians was established in 1887 by Melvil Dewey at Columbia University. The American Library Association (ALA) pursued a policy of accreditation in an effort to ensure that library schools offering a......
  • Education progressive, ou étude sur le cours de la vie, L’  (work by Necker de Saussure)
    Reflecting her strongly religious orientation, the most important book of Mme Necker de Saussure, L’Education progressive, ou étude sur le cours de la vie, was a significant contribution to educational literature. The work was published in several volumes over the decade 1828–38; it was first translated into English (in part) in Boston (1835) and later (in full) in Lond...
  • education, secondary
    the second stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning about age 11 to 13 and ending usually at age 15 to 18. The dichotomy between elementary education and secondary education has gradually become less marked, not only in curricula but also in organization. The proliferation of middle schools, junior schools, junior high schools, and other divisions has produced sy...
  • “Education sentimentale, L’ ” (work by Flaubert)
    ...whom he had met in 1836. This passion was only revealed to her 35 years later when she was a widow. Elisa provided the model for the character Marie Arnoux in the novel L’Education sentimentale. Before receiving its definitive form, however, this work was to be rewritten in two distinct intermediate versions in manuscript: Novembre (1842)...
  • education, special
    the education of children who differ socially, mentally, or physically from the average to such an extent that they require modifications of usual school practices. These include children with emotional, behavioral, or cognitive impairments, mental retardation, hearing, vision, or speech disabilities, gifted children with advanced academic abilities, and children with or orthope...
  • Education System Order (Japanese education)
    ...he outlined a strategy for acquiring the best features of Western education. He assigned commissioners, many of whom were students of Western learning, to design the school system, and in 1872 the Gakusei, or Education System Order, was promulgated. It was the first comprehensive national plan to offer schooling nationwide, according to which the nation was divided into eight university......
  • education, technical
    the academic and vocational preparation of students for jobs involving applied science and modern technology. It emphasizes the understanding and practical application of basic principles of science and mathematics, rather than the attainment of proficiency in manual skills that is properly the concern of vocational education. Technical education has as its objectives the preparation of graduates...
  • education, vocational
    instruction intended to equip persons for industrial or commercial occupations. It may be obtained either formally in trade schools, technical secondary schools, or in on-the-job training programs or, more informally, by picking up the necessary skills on the job....
  • Educational Depository (Canadian education)
    ...1876. He was largely responsible for the creation of the Provincial Normal School in Toronto to provide professional training of teachers. Ryerson also saw to the establishment of the provincial Educational Depository (to supply schools and teachers with books and other teaching materials at reduced prices), the distribution of uniform textbooks, and the adoption of an efficient system of......
  • Educational Experiments, Bureau of (college, New York City, New York, United States)
    privately supported coeducational teachers college in New York, New York, U.S. It offers graduate courses only, operating a laboratory (elementary) school and conducting basic research in education. Established in 1916 by Lucy Sprague Mitchell, first dean of women at the University of California and a disciple of philosopher and educator ...
  • educational extension
    division of an institution of higher learning that conducts educational activities for persons (usually adults) who are generally not full-time students. These activities are sometimes called extramural studies, continuing education, higher adult education, or university adult education. Since its inception, group instruction in the form of formal lectures, discussion groups, seminars, and worksh...
  • Educational Psychology (work by Thorndike)
    ...(1904). Other important works in the early part of his career were The Principles of Teaching Based on Psychology (1906), Education: A First Book (1912), and Educational Psychology, 3 vol. (1913–14; 2nd ed., 1921). These books were responsible for many of the earliest applications of psychology to classroom instruction in arithmetic, algebra,......
  • educational psychology
    theoretical and research branch of modern psychology, concerned with the learning processes and psychological problems associated with the teaching and training of students. The educational psychologist studies the cognitive development of students and the various factors involved in learning, including aptitude and learning measurement, the creative process, and the motivational forces that influ...
  • educational system
    The Christian church created the bases of the Western system of education. From its beginning the Christian community faced external and internal challenges to its faith, which it met by developing and utilizing intellectual and educational resources. The response to the external challenge of rival religions and philosophical perspectives is termed apologetics—i.e., the intellectual......
  • educing (mining)
    ...is the process of breaking up material and suspending it in a slurry. This is often done by using a large water cannon called a giant or monitor. The process of moving the slurry is called sluicing. Educing is the process of introducing the slurry into an enclosed circuit. In the hydraulic mining of gold the rebounding stream of water and mineral fragments is directed into sluices in which the....
  • eduction of correlates (psychology)
    ...to be supplied must bear to the cue stimulus. The correct answer is associated with the schema as a whole and not with its components separately. Selz’s complex completion resembles the “eduction of correlates” that the British psychologist Charles E. Spearman saw as a primary constituent of intellectual functioning, its complement being “eduction of......
  • eduction of relations (psychology)
    ...completion resembles the “eduction of correlates” that the British psychologist Charles E. Spearman saw as a primary constituent of intellectual functioning, its complement being “eduction of relations”—that is, recognition of a relation when two elements are presented....
  • EDVAC
    In 1945, with ENIAC nearing completion at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania, planning began for ENIAC’s successor, the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). Much, if not all, of the electrical engineering foundation for EDVAC was developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr., the Moore School faculty responsible for initia...
  • Edward (king of Portugal)
    king of Portugal whose brief reign (1433–38) witnessed a strengthening of the monarchy through reform of royal land-grant laws, a continuation of voyages of discovery, and a military disaster in Tangier....
  • Edward (king of England [936-978])
    king of England from 975 to 978. His reign was marked by a reaction against the promonastic policies of his father and predecessor, King Edgar (reigned 959–975). Upon Edgar’s death a faction sought to win the throne for his younger son, Ethelred, but Edward was quickly elected king. He evidently played little part in the antimonastic reaction, which was led by Aelf...
  • Edward (king of Scotland)
    son of King John de Balliol of Scotland and claimant to the title of King of Scots, who was crowned in September 1332. Expelled in December 1332, he was restored in 1333–56, having acknowledged Edward III of England as his lord....
  • Edward (Anglo-Saxon king)
    Anglo-Saxon king in England, the son of Alfred the Great. As ruler of the West Saxons, or Wessex, from 899 to 924, Edward extended his authority over almost all of England by conquering areas that previously had been held by Danish invaders....
  • Edward (king of England [1006-1066])
    king of England from 1042 to 1066. Although he is often portrayed as a listless, ineffectual monarch overshadowed by powerful nobles, Edward preserved much of the dignity of the crown and managed to keep the kingdom united during his reign of 24 years. His close ties to Normandy prepared the way for the conquest of England by the Normans under William, duke of Normandy (later King William...
  • Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David (king of United Kingdom)
    prince of Wales (1911–36) and king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British dominions and emperor of India from Jan. 20 to Dec. 10, 1936, when he abdicated in order to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson of the United States (see Windsor, Wallis Warfield, Duchess of). He was the only British sovereign ever voluntarily to resign the crown....
  • Edward Anthony Richard Louis, Prince (British prince)
    On June 19, 1999, Prince Edward, the youngest child of the U.K.’s Queen Elizabeth II, married Sophie Rhys-Jones, a public relations consultant. The couple insisted it was an informal, family occasion—and so it was, within the constraints imposed by a wedding attended by Britain’s royal family on the grounds of Windsor Castle and watched on television by an estimated 200 millio...
  • Edward, Duke of Windsor, Prince (king of United Kingdom)
    prince of Wales (1911–36) and king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British dominions and emperor of India from Jan. 20 to Dec. 10, 1936, when he abdicated in order to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson of the United States (see Windsor, Wallis Warfield, Duchess of). He was the only British sovereign ever voluntarily to resign the crown....
  • Edward, earl of Wessex and Viscount Severn, Prince (British prince)
    On June 19, 1999, Prince Edward, the youngest child of the U.K.’s Queen Elizabeth II, married Sophie Rhys-Jones, a public relations consultant. The couple insisted it was an informal, family occasion—and so it was, within the constraints imposed by a wedding attended by Britain’s royal family on the grounds of Windsor Castle and watched on television by an estimated 200 millio...
  • Edward I (king of England)
    son of Henry III and king of England in 1272–1307, during a period of rising national consciousness. He strengthened the crown and Parliament against the old feudal nobility. He subdued Wales, destroying its autonomy; and he sought (unsuccessfully) the conquest of Scotland. His reign is particularly noted for administrative efficiency and legal reform. He introduced a series of statutes tha...
  • Edward II (play by Marlowe)
    As The Massacre introduces in the duke of Guise a figure unscrupulously avid for power, so in the younger Mortimer of Edward II Marlowe shows a man developing an appetite for power and increasingly corrupted as power comes to him. In each instance the dramatist shares in the excitement of the pursuit of glory, but all three plays present such figures within a social framework: the......
  • Edward II (king of England)
    king of England from 1307 to 1327. Although he was a man of limited capability, he waged a long, hopeless campaign to assert his authority over powerful barons....
  • Edward III (king of England)
    king of England from 1327 to 1377, who led England into the Hundred Years’ War with France. The descendants of his seven sons and five daughters contested the throne for generations, climaxing in the Wars of the Roses (1455–85)....
  • Edward III (fictional character)
    The play depicts Edward III’s great victories in France, especially at Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356), during the 14th century. Edward is portrayed as a heroic king, and his son Edward, the Black Prince, is even more stalwart than he. Much of the latter part of the play is devoted to military action in France, some of it near Calais. The play opens as Edward justifies his wars......
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