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  • Faxaflói (inlet, Iceland)
    inlet of the North Atlantic Ocean on the southwestern coast of Iceland. It indents the coast for 30 miles (50 km) and extends for 50 miles (80 km) between the Snaefells and Reykja peninsulas, to the north and south, respectively. The bay is the largest in Iceland, and its banks form excellent fishing grounds. The main ports along the bay are Akranes and Reykjavík...
  • Faxian (Chinese Buddhist monk)
    Buddhist monk whose pilgrimage to India in 402 initiated Sino-Indian relations and whose writings give important information about early Buddhism. After his return to China he translated into Chinese the many Sanskrit Buddhist texts he had brought back....
  • Fay, Charles François de Cisternay Du (French chemist)
    As early as the mid-18th century, Charles François de Cisternay Du Fay, a French chemist, noted that electricity may be conducted in the gaseous matter—that is to say, plasma—adjacent to a red-hot body. In 1853 the French physicist Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel reported that only a few volts were required to drive electric current through the air between high-temperature......
  • Fay, Larry (American gangster)
    ...career that made her famous. After a spontaneous performance one night as mistress of ceremonies at a party following a show at New York’s Winter Garden, she was taken up by bootlegger and racketeer Larry Fay, who installed her as hostess of his El Fay Club. Perched on a stool in the centre of the club, armed with a whistle and her own booming voice, “Texas” Guinan single-h...
  • Fay, Sidney Bradshaw (American historian)
    U.S. historian known primarily for his classical reexamination of the causes of World War I....
  • Faya (Chad)
    oasis town, northern Chad, north central Africa. It lies in the Sahara at the northern tip of the Bodele depression, 490 mi (790 km) northeast of the capital, N’Djamena. Originally called Faya, the town was renamed Largeau following the capture in 1913 of Borkou by the French army officer Col. Étienne Largeau. The original name was restored in the 1970s. Date palm production in Faya ...
  • Fayal Island (island, Portugal)
    Portuguese island forming part of the Azores archipelago, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Its area of 67 square miles (173 square km) was increased by 1 square mile (2.5 square km) because of volcanic activity in 1957–58. The centre of the island consists of a perfectly shaped volcano, Mount Gordo. Faial (meaning “beech wood”) was named for the wax myrtle, once abundant, which it...
  • fayalite (mineral)
    iron-rich silicate mineral that is a member of the forsterite–fayalite series of olivines....
  • fayḍ (Islamic philosophy)
    (Arabic: “emanation”), in Islāmic philosophy, the emanation of created things from God. The word is not used in the Qurʾān (Islāmic scripture), which uses terms such as khalq (“creation”) and ibdāʿ (“invention”) in describing the process of creation. Early Muslim theologians dealt with this subject o...
  • Faydherbe, Lucas (Flemish sculptor)
    ...particularly in his decorations for the Town Hall in Amsterdam, and the tendency toward a painterly style is more pronounced in the work of his son Artus Quellinus the Younger, Rombout Verhulst, and Lucas Faydherbe....
  • Faye, Alice (American singer and actress)
    American singer and actress who from the mid-1930s to the mid-1940s made 32 films, among them In Old Chicago, Alexander’s Ragtime Band, and Hello, Frisco, Hello; she later starred on radio with her husband on "The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show" (b. May 5, 1915, New York, N.Y.--d. May 9, 1998, Rancho Mirage, Calif.)....
  • Fayed, Dodi (Egyptian film producer)
    Egyptian-born producer of motion pictures, including The World According to Garp and the Oscar-winning Chariots of Fire, and playboy son of multimillionnaire Mohamed al-Fayed, the owner of Harrods department stores. Fayed was killed in an automobile crash with Diana, princess of Wales, with whom he was romantically linked (b. April 15, 1955--d. Aug. 31, 1997)....
  • Fayed, Emad Mohamed al- (Egyptian film producer)
    Egyptian-born producer of motion pictures, including The World According to Garp and the Oscar-winning Chariots of Fire, and playboy son of multimillionnaire Mohamed al-Fayed, the owner of Harrods department stores. Fayed was killed in an automobile crash with Diana, princess of Wales, with whom he was romantically linked (b. April 15, 1955--d. Aug. 31, 1997)....
  • Fayed, Mohamed al- (Egyptian businessman)
    Although frustrated in his efforts to be accepted as a British citizen, Egyptian-born billionaire Mohamed al-Fayed continued to play an influential--and highly controversial--role in Great Britain in 1997. Fayed’s public feuds with the British establishment were credited with helping secure the election victory of Tony Blair’s Labour Party and wrecking the careers of several Conserva...
  • fayence (pottery)
    tin-glazed earthenware made in France, Germany, Spain, and Scandinavia. It is distinguished from tin-glzed earthenware made in Italy, which is called majolica (or maiolica), and that made in The Netherlands and England, which is called delft....
  • Fayence-Porcellaine (pottery)
    ...decoration needed a third firing. In 18th-century Germany especially tin-glazed wares were decorated with colours applied over the fired glaze, as on porcelain. The wares were sometimes called Fayence-Porcellaine....
  • Fayette (ghost town, Michigan, United States)
    ...one of the key ingredients—this time, hematite ore from the Llandovery Red Mountain Formation, which was mined from 1862 to 1971. A third unusual site in this regard is the ghost town of Fayette in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. It was founded as a company town in 1867 because local resources offered an abundance of Silurian dolomite for use in iron smelting. At the opposite end of t...
  • Fayette (county, Pennsylvania, United States)
    county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., bounded to the north by Jacobs Creek; to the east by Laurel Hill, the Youghiogheny River, and Youghiogheny River Lake; to the south by Maryland and West Virginia; and to the west by the Monongahela River. It consists of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau that rises to the ...
  • Fayette (county, Kentucky, United States)
    city, coextensive with Fayette county, north-central Kentucky, U.S., the focus of the Bluegrass region and a major centre for horse breeding. Named in 1775 for the Battle of Lexington, Massachusetts, it was chartered by the Virginia legislature in 1782 and was the meeting place (1792) for the first session of the Kentucky legislature following statehood. Lexington in the early 1880s called......
  • Fayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La (French noble)
    French aristocrat who fought with the American colonists against the British in the American Revolution. Later, by allying himself with the revolutionary bourgeoisie, he became one of the most powerful men in France during the first few years of the French Revolution....
  • Fayette, Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, comtesse de La (French author)
    French writer whose La Princesse de Clèves is a landmark of French fiction....
  • Fayetteville (North Carolina, United States)
    city, seat of Cumberland county, south-central North Carolina, U.S. It lies on the Cape Fear River at the head of navigation, about 70 miles (113 km) south of Raleigh. The two original settlements of Cambellton (1762) and Cross Creek (c. 1760) united in 1778 and were incorporated and renamed for the marquis de Lafayette in...
  • Fayetteville (Arkansas, United States)
    city, seat of Washington county, northwestern Arkansas, U.S., in the Ozarks on the White River, adjacent to Springdale (north). No settlement existed there when the site, on the Overland Mail Route, was chosen as the county seat in 1828. The community, first named Washington Court House, was renamed for Fayetteville, Tennessee, in 1829....
  • Fayḥāʾ, al- (Syria)
    city, capital of Syria. Located in the southwestern corner of the country, it has been called the “pearl of the East,” praised for its beauty and lushness; the 10th-century traveler and geographer al-Maqdisī lauded the city as ranking among the four earthly paradises. Upon visiting the city in 1867, Mark Twain wrote...
  • Faylakah (island, Kuwait)
    island of Kuwait, lying in the Persian Gulf near the entrance to Kuwait Bay; it has an area of 15 square miles (39 square km). Inhabited since prehistoric times, it is important archaeologically, remains of human habitation from as early as 2500 bc having been found there. A museum has been built near the ruins of a Greek temple. Most of the people live in the village of az-Zawr, on ...
  • Faynzilberg, Ilya Arnoldovich (Soviet humorist)
    Born into a poor Jewish family, Ilf worked at various trades while a youth, becoming a journalist in Odessa at age 18. He went to Moscow in 1923 to begin a career as a professional writer. Petrov, the son of a teacher, began his career as a news-service correspondent, worked briefly as a criminal investigator, and went to Moscow in 1923, where he became a professional journalist. Initially, Ilf......
  • Fayol, Henri (French industrialist)
    In 1916 Henri Fayol, who for many years had managed a large coal mining company in France, began publishing his ideas about the organization and supervision of work, and by 1925 he had enunciated several principles and functions of management. His idea of unity of command, which stated that an employee should receive orders from only one supervisor, helped to clarify the organizational......
  • Fayrfax Manuscript (music)
    At the end of the 15th century, carols appeared in a court songbook, the Fayrfax Manuscript, written for three or four voices in a flexible, sophisticated style based on duple (two-beat) rhythm. They are mostly on themes connected with the Passion of Christ, and the words often decisively determine the musical effect. Composers are often mentioned—William Cornyshe, Robert Fayrfax,......
  • Fayrfax, Robert (English composer)
    foremost among the early English Tudor composers, noted principally for his masses and motets written in a style less florid than that of his predecessors. He is distinguished from his English contemporaries by his more frequent use of imitative counterpoint and the freedom with which he varies the number of voices employed during the course of a single composition....
  • Fayrouz (Arabian musician)
    ...order, include ʿAbduh al-Ḥamūlī, Dāhūd Ḥussnī, Sayyid Darwīsh, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, Umm Kulthūm, Farid al-Aṭrash, Fayrouz, Rashid al-Hundarashi, Ṣadīqa al-Mulāya, and Muḥammad al-Gubanshi....
  • Fayṣal (king of Saudi Arabia)
    king of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975, an influential figure of the Arab world who was a critic not only of Israel but of Soviet influence in the Middle East....
  • Fayṣal al-Dawīsh (Arab leader)
    In 1928 and 1929, Fayṣal al-Dawīsh, Sulṭān ibn Bijād, and other leaders of the Ikhwān, accusing Ibn Saʿūd of betraying the cause for which they had fought and opposing the taxes levied upon their followers, resumed their defiance of the king’s authority. The rebels sought to stop the centralization of power in the hands of the king and...
  • Fayṣal I (king of Iraq)
    Arab statesman and king of Iraq (1921–33) who was a leader in advancing Arab nationalism during and after World War I....
  • Fayṣal ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān as-Saʿūd (king of Saudi Arabia)
    king of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975, an influential figure of the Arab world who was a critic not only of Israel but of Soviet influence in the Middle East....
  • Fayṣal ibn Ghāzī ibn Fayṣal Āl Hāshim (king of Iraq)
    the last king of Iraq, who reigned from 1939 to 1958....
  • Fayṣal ibn Husayn (king of Iraq)
    Arab statesman and king of Iraq (1921–33) who was a leader in advancing Arab nationalism during and after World War I....
  • Fayṣal ibn Turkī ibn Saʿūd (Arab leader)
    The Wahhābī prince ʿAbd Allāh lost many of the territories that his father, Fayṣal (reigned 1834–65), had acquired by conquest following the collapse of the first Wahhābī empire (1818). In 1885 ʿAbd Allāh was “invited” to Ḥāʾil to be the “guest” of Ibn Rashīd, the dominant ...
  • Fayṣal II (king of Iraq)
    the last king of Iraq, who reigned from 1939 to 1958....
  • Fayṣaliyyah, Al- (building, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
    Riyadh itself is an amorphous expanse of neighbourhoods and subdivisions bounded by wide roads lined with commercial strip development. Two of the city’s dominant tower buildings are Al-Fayṣaliyyah (Al-Faisaliah) centre, which contains office space, a number of restaurants, and a luxury hotel, and the Markaz Al-Mamlakah (“Kingdom Centre”), which offers an expansive comp...
  • Fayum (governorate, Egypt)
    muḥāfaẓah (governorate) of Upper Egypt, in a great depression of the Western Desert southwest of Cairo. Extending about 50 miles (80 km) east–west and about 35 miles (56 km) north–south, the whole Fayyūm, including Al-Ruwayān Wadi, a smaller, arid depression, is below sea level (maximum depth 150 feet [45 m]). The muḥāfa...
  • Fayum (Egypt)
    capital of Al-Fayyūm muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Egypt. The town is located in the southeastern part of the governorate, on the site of the ancient centre of the region, called Shedet in pharaonic times and Crocodilopolis, later Arsinoe, in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. Its ruins to the northwest of the city date to at least the 12th dynasty (1...
  • Fayum portrait (Egyptian art)
    any of the funerary portraits dating from the Roman period (1st to the 4th century) found in Egyptian tombs throughout Egypt but particularly at the oasis of al-Fayyūm. Depictions of the head and bust of the deceased, the portraits are executed either on wooden tablets (about 17 by 9 inches [about 43 by 23 cm]) and placed under the bandages covering the mummy’s face, or on the linen...
  • Fayyūm, Al- (governorate, Egypt)
    muḥāfaẓah (governorate) of Upper Egypt, in a great depression of the Western Desert southwest of Cairo. Extending about 50 miles (80 km) east–west and about 35 miles (56 km) north–south, the whole Fayyūm, including Al-Ruwayān Wadi, a smaller, arid depression, is below sea level (maximum depth 150 feet [45 m]). The muḥāfa...
  • Fayyūm, Al- (Egypt)
    capital of Al-Fayyūm muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Egypt. The town is located in the southeastern part of the governorate, on the site of the ancient centre of the region, called Shedet in pharaonic times and Crocodilopolis, later Arsinoe, in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. Its ruins to the northwest of the city date to at least the 12th dynasty (1...
  • Fayyūmī, Saʿid ibn Yūsuf al- (Jewish exegete and philosopher)
    Jewish exegete, philosopher, and polemicist whose influence on Jewish literary and communal activities made him one of the most important Jewish scholars of his time. His unique qualities became especially apparent in 921 in Babylonia during a dispute over Jewish calendrical calculations. He produced his greatest philosophical work, Kitāb al-amānāt wa al-iʿtiq...
  • Fayyūmic (dialect)
    Coptic is usually divided by scholars into six dialects, four of which were spoken in Upper Egypt and two in Lower Egypt; these differ from one another chiefly in their sound systems. The Fayyūmic dialect of Upper Egypt, spoken along the Nile River valley chiefly on the west bank, survived until the 8th century. Asyūṭic, or Sub-Akhmīmic, spoken around......
  • Fayzī (Muslim poet)
    ...difficulties; yet their dark, glowing quality cannot fail to touch the hearts and minds even of critical modern readers—more so than the elegant but rather cerebral verses of his colleague Fayẕī (died 1595), one of Akbar’s favourites. Fayẕī’s brother Abū-ul-Faẕī ʿAllāmī (died 1602), the author of an impor...
  • Fazal Mahmood (Pakistani cricketer)
    Pakistani cricketer (b. Feb. 18, 1927, Lahore, India—d. May 30, 2005, Lahore, Pak.), was a right-arm fast-medium bowler who played in 34 Test matches for Pakistan between 1952 and 1962, including 10 as captain. Fazal quickly established himself as a key bowler in the first Pakistan Test teams after the partition of India. He took 20 wickets in the first official Pakistan Test series, played...
  • Fazang (Buddhist monk)
    Buddhist monk usually considered to be the founder of the Huayan school of Buddhism in China because he systematized its doctrines. Basically, the Huayan school taught that all phenomena are interrelated. Hence every living being possesses the Buddha-nature within....
  • fazenda (Brazilian plantation)
    large plantation in Brazil, comparable to the slave-based plantations of the Caribbean and the United States. In the colonial period (16th–18th century) the plantation owners (fazendeiros) ruled their estates, and the black slaves and freemen who worked them, with virtually no interference from the colonial authorities. ...
  • Fazıl, Mustafa (Egyptian prince)
    ...had expanded from the original 6 members to 245, including the noted poets Namık Kemal and Ziya Paşa; they were further supported financially and materially by the Egyptian prince Mustafa Fazıl and had attracted the attention of the Ottoman princes Murad and Abdülhamid....
  • Fazl ul-Haq (Pakistani politician)
    ...Mujibur Rahman, and Maulana Bhashani. When the ballots were counted, the Muslim League had not only lost the election, it had been virtually eliminated as a viable political force in the province. Fazlul Haq was given the opportunity to form the new provincial government in East Bengal, but, before he could convene his cabinet, riots erupted in the factories south of the East Bengali capital......
  • Fazy, James (Swiss statesman and writer)
    ...Opposition by the Swiss Diet to the Sonderbund (a league of seven Roman Catholic cantons) and the 1847 civil war between federal forces and the rebellious cantons permitted the radicals, led by James Fazy, to take the offensive. The radicals, who drew up the new Constitution of 1848, were thereafter masters of Geneva, and Fazy dominated the political scene until 1861. In many ways the......
  • Fazzān (region, Libya)
    historic region of northern Africa and until 1963 one of the three provinces of the United Kingdom of Libya. It is part of the Sahara (desert) and now constitutes the southwestern sector of Libya....
  • FBI (United States government agency)
    principal investigative agency of the federal government of the United States. The bureau is responsible for conducting investigations in cases where federal laws may have been violated, unless another agency of the federal government has been specifically delegated that duty by statute or executive fiat. As part of the Department of Justice, the FBI reports the results of its i...
  • FBT (French trade union)
    federation of French workers’ organizations (bourses) established in 1892. The bourse was a combination of a labour exchange (dealing with job placement), a workers’ club and cultural centre, and a central labour union. The federation advocated direct action to bring about a more equitable economic system that would emancipate workers. In 1895 Fernand Pellouti...
  • FC&S warranty (insurance)
    Examples of expressed warranties are the FC&S warranty and the strike, riot, and civil commotion warranty. The FC&S, or “free of capture and seizure,” warranty excludes war as a cause of loss. The strike, riot, and civil commotion warranty states that the insurer will pay no losses resulting from strikes, walkouts, riots, or other labour disturbances. The three implied....
  • FCC (United States government agency)
    CB radio originated in the United States during the 1940s, when the Federal Communications Commission created the Citizens Radio Service for regulating remote-control units and mobile radiotelephones. The commission made CB radio a special class of the service in 1958 and permitted its use as a hobby in 1975. Several other nations, including Canada, Jamaica, and Germany, also allow CB......
  • fcc structure (crystalline form)
    ...steel is the allotropy of iron—that is, its existence in two crystalline forms. In the body-centred cubic (bcc) arrangement, there is an additional iron atom in the centre of each cube. In the face-centred cubic (fcc) arrangement, there is one additional iron atom at the centre of each of the six faces of the unit cube. It is significant that the sides of the face-centred cube, or the......
  • FCIA (United States agency)
    ...exporters against losses from both commercial and political risks. In the United States, for example, export credit insurance is written through a consortium of insurance companies organized by the Foreign Credit Insurance Association (FCIA). The Export-Import Bank of the United States assumes the ultimate liability for loss, while the FCIA serves as the underwriting agency. Coverage is usually...
  • FDA (United States agency)
    agency of the U.S. federal government authorized by Congress to inspect, test, approve, and set safety standards for foods and food additives, drugs, chemicals, cosmetics, and household and medical devices. First known as the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration when it was formed as a separate law enforcement agency in 1927, the FDA derives the greater part of its regulatory power from four...
  • FDC (Angolan political organization)
    ...of the Front for the Liberation of the Cabinda Enclave as well as other groups, which were fighting for Cabindan independence from Angola. In 2004 some of the groups formed an umbrella organization, Cabinda Forum for Dialogue (which also included civil and religious groups), and their demands for independence intensified. The organization and the Angolan government signed a peace accord in 2006...
  • F’derick (Mauritania)
    mining village, north-central Mauritania, western Africa, just west of Zouîrât. It is important as the base for the exploitation of extensive iron-ore deposits in the nearby Mount Ijill. The iron ore is exported through the Atlantic port of Nouadhibou, via a 419-mile (674-kilometre) railway. There are salt works near Fdérik. Pop. (1977) 2,200....
  • Fdérik (Mauritania)
    mining village, north-central Mauritania, western Africa, just west of Zouîrât. It is important as the base for the exploitation of extensive iron-ore deposits in the nearby Mount Ijill. The iron ore is exported through the Atlantic port of Nouadhibou, via a 419-mile (674-kilometre) railway. There are salt works near Fdérik. Pop. (1977) 2,200....
  • FDI
    ...although the Spanish peseta (the value of which was locked to that of the euro) remained in circulation until 2002. In the early 21st century, Spain had one of the strongest economies in the EU. Foreign direct investment in the country tripled from 1990 to 2000. Moreover, since 2000, a large number of South Americans, eastern Europeans, and North Africans have immigrated to Spain to work in......
  • FDIC (United States banking)
    independent U.S. government corporation created under authority of the Banking Act of 1933 (also known as the Glass-Steagall Act), with the responsibility to insure bank deposits in eligible banks against loss in the event of a bank failure and to regulate certain banking practices. It was established after the collapse of many American banks during the initial years of the ...
  • FDM (electronics)
    ...information signal is modulated onto an assigned carrier of a specific frequency. When the frequency assignment and subsequent combining is done at a central point, the resulting combination is a frequency-division multiplexed signal, as is discussed in Multiplexing. Frequently there is no central combining point, and the communications channel itself acts as a distributed combine. An example.....
  • FDMA (electronics)
    In FDMA the goal is to divide the frequency spectrum into slots and then to separate the signals of different users by placing them in separate frequency slots. The difficulty is that the frequency spectrum is limited and that there are typically many more potential communicators than there are available frequency slots. In order to make efficient use of the communications channel, a system......
  • FDP (political party, Switzerland)
    centrist political party of Switzerland. With the Christian Democratic People’s Party, the Social Democratic Party, and the Swiss People’s Party, the Radical Democratic Party has governed Switzerland as part of a grand coalition since 1959....
  • FDP (political party, Germany)
    centrist German political party that advocates individualism, capitalism, and social reform. Although it has captured only a small percentage of the votes in national elections, its support has been pivotal for much of the post-World War II period in making or breaking governments, by forming coalitions with or withdrawing support from larger parties....
  • FDR (president of United States)
    32nd president of the United States (1933–45). The only president elected to the office four times, Roosevelt led the United States through two of the greatest crises of the 20th century: the Great Depression and World War II. In so doing, he greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the ...
  • Fe (chemical element)
    chemical element, metal of Group VIIIb of the periodic table, the most used and cheapest metal....
  • Fe XIV (isotope)
    ...
  • Feabhail, Loch (inlet, Ireland)
    inlet on the north coast of Ireland between the Inishowen Peninsula (mainly County Donegal, Ireland) to the west and the district councils of Limavady and Londonderry (until 1973 in County Londonderry), Northern Ireland, to the east and southeast. The lough is about 16 miles (26 km) long and varies in breadth from 1 to 10 miles (1.6 to 16 km). The narrowest points are at the southwestern end, wher...
  • fealty (feudal law)
    in European society, solemn acts of ritual by which a person became a vassal of a lord in feudal society. Homage was essentially the acknowledgment of the bond of tenure that existed between the two. It consisted of the vassal surrendering himself to the lord, symbolized by his kneeling and giving his joined hands to the lord, who clasped them in his own, thus accepting the surrender....
  • fear (emotion)
    ...an animal has a drive to perform a particular behaviour but is prevented from doing so and directs the behaviour to another object. If an animal is prompted to attack another but is prevented by fear of the opponent or by a reluctance to leave its territory, it might attack a harmless companion, the ground, vegetation, or even itself. Such behaviour is termed redirection. Displacement is the......
  • Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film by Gilliam)
    ...infiltrates the Mafia in Donnie Brasco (1997). In 1998 Depp, a longtime friend and fan of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson, starred in Terry Gilliam’s Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, a film based on Thompson’s pseudobiographical novel of the same name. Later films include Roman Polanski’s The Ninth Gate...
  • Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream (work by Thompson)
    ...a central part of the story. A 1971 assignment for Sports Illustrated to cover a motorcycle race in Nevada resulted in perhaps his best-known work, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream (1972; film, 1998), which became a contemporary classic and established the genre of gonzo journalism. First....
  • Fear and Trembling (work by Kierkegaard)
    In Fear and Trembling this ethical stage is teleologically suspended in the religious, which means not that it is abolished but that it is reduced to relative validity in relation to something absolute, which is its proper goal. For Plato (c. 428–c. 348 bc) and Kant, ethics is a matter of pure reason gaining pure insight into eternal trut...
  • Fear God and Take Your Own Part (work by Roosevelt)
    ...for war. The fate of occupied Belgium served as an example of what could happen to an unprepared nation. Roosevelt wrote two books on the subject, America and the World War (1915) and Fear God and Take Your Own Part (1916), that helped popularize the Preparedness Movement....
  • Fear Manach (district, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom)
    district, extreme southwestern Northern Ireland. Formerly a county, Fermanagh was established as a district (within the same boundaries) in 1973. It is bounded by the districts of Dungannon and Omagh to the northeast and by the Republic of Ireland to the west, south, and east. The district lies chiefly in the ruggedly scenic Erne basin, which divides it into two nearly equal sec...
  • Fear of Flying (novel by Jong)
    The surge of feminism in the 1970s gave impetus to many new women writers, such as Erica Jong, author of the sexy and funny Fear of Flying (1974), and Rita Mae Brown, who explored lesbian life in Rubyfruit Jungle (1973). Other significant works of fiction by women in the 1970s included Ann Beattie’s account of the post-1960s generation in Chilly Scenes of......
  • Fear of Man, The (work by Frost)
    ...poet, the tragic elements in life continued to mark his poems, from “‘Out, Out—’” (1916), in which a lad’s hand is severed and life ended, to a fine verse entitled “The Fear of Man” from Steeple Bush, in which human release from pervading fear is contained in the image of a breathless dash through the nighttime city from the s...
  • Fear Strikes Out (film by Mulligan)
    ...and The Jackie Robinson Story (1950; with Robinson playing himself). Somewhat of an anomaly for the time is the biography of outfielder Jimmy Piersall, Fear Strikes Out (1957), which is an unsentimental account of Piersall’s struggle with mental illness. More in keeping with the period are entertaining comedies and musicals such as ......
  • Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake (work by Frye)
    In 1947 he published Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake, which was a sweeping and erudite study of Blake’s visionary symbolism and established the groundwork for his engagement with literary theory. In Anatomy of Criticism (1957) he challenged the hegemony of the New Criticism by emphasizing the modes and genres of literary texts. Ra...
  • Fearing, Kenneth Flexner (American author)
    American poet and novelist who used an array of topical phrases and idiom in his satires of urban life....
  • Fearn Island (island, New Caledonia)
    island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, within the French overseas country of New Caledonia, although France’s claim to the island is disputed by Vanuatu. It is located about 350 miles (560 km) east of the New Caledonian mainland. Volcanic and offering little appeal for human habitation, it has a diameter of less than 1 mile (1.6 km) and is situated o...
  • Fear’s Folly (work by Harvey)
    In fiction Jean-Charles Harvey attacked bourgeois ideology in Les Demi-Civilisés (1934; “The Half-Civilized”; Eng. trans. Sackcloth for Banner and Fear’s Folly), which was condemned by the Roman Catholic Church, resulting in Harvey’s being fired from his job at the journal Le Soleil. Three year...
  • Fears, Thomas Jesse (Mexican-American athlete)
    Mexican American football player (b. Dec. 3, 1922, Guadalajara, Mex.—d. Jan. 4, 2000, Palm Desert, Calif.), was considered one of the National Football League’s (NFL’s) greatest receivers. He played for the Los Angeles Rams from 1948 to 1956, compiling career totals of 400 catches for 5,397 yd and 38 touchdowns. He set an NFL record with 84 receptions in 1950, and the followin...
  • Fea’s muntjac (mammal)
    ...and nocturnal, and they usually live in areas of thick vegetation. They are native to India, Southeast Asia, and southern China, and some have become established in parts of England and France. Fea’s muntjac (M. feae), of Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand, is an endangered species....
  • feasible solution (mathematics)
    ...figure. On this graph the distance along the horizontal axis represents x1 and that along the vertical represents x2. Because of the constraints given above, the feasible solutions must lie within a certain well-defined region of the graph. For example, the constraint x1 ≥ 0 means that points representing feasible soluti...
  • feast (religion)
    day or period of time set aside to commemorate, ritually celebrate or reenact, or anticipate events or seasons—agricultural, religious, or sociocultural—that give meaning and cohesiveness to an individual and to the religious, political, or socioeconomic community. Because such days or periods generally originated in religious celebrations or ritual commemorations that usually includ...
  • Feast in the House of Levi (painting by Veronese)
    ...artist’s right to freedom of imagination. The tribunal, perhaps influenced by the civil authority, elegantly resolved the question by suggesting that the theme be changed to a Feast in the House of Levi....
  • Feast of Herod (bronze sculpture by Donatello)
    ...Donatello carried out independent commissions of pure sculpture, including several works of bronze for the baptismal font of San Giovanni in Siena. The earliest and most important of these was the “Feast of Herod” (1423–27), an intensely dramatic relief with an architectural background that first displayed Donatello’s command of scientific linear perspective, which.....
  • Feast of Herod (marble sculpture by Donatello)
    ...developed of these are “The Ascension, with Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter,” which is so delicately carved that its full beauty can be seen only in a strongly raking light; and the “Feast of Herod” (1433–35), with its perspective background. The large stucco roundels with scenes from the life of St. John the Evangelist (about 1434–37), below the do...
  • Feast of Lupercal, The (work by Moore)
    His next novel, The Feast of Lupercal (1957), took on the subject of a bachelor schoolteacher’s sexual maladjustment, and The Luck of Ginger Coffey (1960; filmed 1964) portrayed a middle-aged Irish failure who hopes to charm his way to fortune. Moore’s later novels range widely in locale and subject matter: Black Robe (1985; filmed 1991) was set in early co...
  • Feast of Pure Reason, The (painting by Levine)
    ...poor and created satirical portrayals of corrupt politicians. Levine gained attention through paintings such as Brain Trust, exhibited in 1936, and The Feast of Pure Reason, shown the following year. In the latter work, a police officer, politician, and wealthy man huddle together, presumably striking a deal; this theme of corruption......
  • Feast of the Goat, The (work by Vargas Llosa)
    ...The Campaign), an excellent novel about the independence period in Latin America, and Vargas Llosa wrote La fiesta del chivo (2000; The Feast of the Goat), dealing with Rafael Trujillo’s dictatorship in the Dominican Republic. Both are remarkable not only because of their literary quality but also because their authors......
  • Feast of the Rose Garlands, The (altarpiece by Dürer)
    In 1506, in Venice, Dürer completed his great altarpiece “The Feast of the Rose Garlands” for the funeral chapel of the Germans in the church of St. Bartholomew. Later that same year Dürer made a brief visit to Bologna before returning to Venice for a final three months. The extent to which Dürer considered Italy to be his artistic and personal home is revealed b...
  • Feate of Gardening, The (English book)
    The earliest account of gardening in English, The Feate of Gardening, dating from about 1400, mentions the use of more than 100 plants, with instructions on sowing, planting, and grafting of trees and advice on cultivation of herbs such as parsley, sage, fennel, thyme, camomile, and saffron. The vegetables mentioned include turnip, spinach, leek, lettuce, and garlic....
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