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  • hangover (pathology)
    ...conditions associated with alcoholism are those that occur in the postintoxication state—the alcohol-withdrawal syndromes. The most common and least debilitating of these syndromes is the hangover—a general malaise typically accompanied by headache and nausea. After a prolonged bout of drunkenness, however, severe withdrawal phenomena often supervene. These phenomena include......
  • Hanguana (plant genus)
    Until recently, the closest relatives of the tropical Asian Hanguana, the only genus in Hanguanaceae, were unclear. Molecular evidence suggests that this family is closest to Commelinaceae, although some contradictory morphological evidence suggests a relationship to the ginger order, Zingiberales....
  • Hanguanaceae (plant family)
    Until recently, the closest relatives of the tropical Asian Hanguana, the only genus in Hanguanaceae, were unclear. Molecular evidence suggests that this family is closest to Commelinaceae, although some contradictory morphological evidence suggests a relationship to the ginger order, Zingiberales....
  • Hanguk (historical nation, Asia)
    history of the peninsula from prehistoric times to the 1953 armistice ending the Korean War. For later developments, see Korea, North, history of; and Korea, South, history of....
  • han’gŭl (Korean alphabet)
    alphabetic system used for writing the Korean language. The system, known as Chosŏn muntcha in North Korea, consists of 24 letters, including 14 consonant and 10 vowel symbols. The consonant symbols are formed with curved or angled lines; vowel symbols are composed of vertical or horizontal straight lines together with short lines on either side of the main line....
  • Hangul (Korean alphabet)
    alphabetic system used for writing the Korean language. The system, known as Chosŏn muntcha in North Korea, consists of 24 letters, including 14 consonant and 10 vowel symbols. The consonant symbols are formed with curved or angled lines; vowel symbols are composed of vertical or horizontal straight lines together with short lines on either side of the main line....
  • Hangzhou (China)
    city and capital of Zhejiang sheng (province), China. The city is located in the northern part of the province on the north bank of the Qiantang River estuary at the head of Hangzhou Bay. It has water communications with the interior of Zhejiang to the south, is the southern terminus of the Grand Canal, and is linked to ...
  • Hangzhou Bay Bridge (bridge, China)
    city and capital of Zhejiang sheng (province), China. The city is located in the northern part of the province on the north bank of the Qiantang River estuary at the head of Hangzhou Bay. It has water communications with the interior of Zhejiang to the south, is the southern terminus of the Grand Canal, and is linked to ...
  • Hani (people)
    an official nationality of China. The Hani live mainly on the high southwestern plateau of Yunnan province, China, specifically concentrated in the southwestern corner. There are also several thousands of Hani or related peoples in northern Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam and in eastern Myanmar (Burma). Altogether they numbered some two million in the early 21st century....
  • Hani, Chris (South African political activist)
    ("CHRIS"), South African political activist (b. June 28, 1942, Cofimvaba, South Africa--d. April 10, 1993, Boksburg, South Africa), was secretary-general (1991-93) of the South African Communist Party (SACP) and chief of staff (1987-91) of Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation"), the military wing of the black-nationalist African National Congress (ANC). Hani, whose father was a migrant worker ...
  • Hani language
    ...Tibetic (i.e., Tibetan in the widest sense of the word) comprises a number of dialects and languages spoken in Tibet and the Himalayas. Burmic (Burmese in its widest application) includes Yi (Lolo), Hani, Lahu, Lisu, Kachin (Jingpo), Kuki-Chin, the obsolete Xixia (Tangut), and other languages. The Tibetan writing system (which dates from the 7th century) and the Burmese (dating from......
  • Hani, Martin Thembisile (South African political activist)
    ("CHRIS"), South African political activist (b. June 28, 1942, Cofimvaba, South Africa--d. April 10, 1993, Boksburg, South Africa), was secretary-general (1991-93) of the South African Communist Party (SACP) and chief of staff (1987-91) of Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation"), the military wing of the black-nationalist African National Congress (ANC). Hani, whose father was a migrant worker ...
  • hanif (Islām)
    in the Qurʾān, the sacred scripture of Islām, an Arabic designation for true monotheists (especially Abraham) who were not Jews, Christians, or worshipers of idols. The word appears to have been borrowed from a Syriac word meaning “heathen” and, by extension, designating a Hellenized person of culture. There is no evidence that a true hanif cult existed in pre-I...
  • Ḥanifī (Islamic law)
    in Islām, one of the four Sunnī schools of religious law, incorporating the legal opinions of the ancient Iraqi schools of al-Kūfah and Basra. Ḥanafī legal thought (madhhab) developed from the teachings of the theologian Imām Abū Ḥanīfah (c. 700–767) by such disciples as Abū Yūsuf (...
  • Hanigalbat (ancient empire, Mesopotamia, Asia)
    Indo-Iranian empire centred in northern Mesopotamia that flourished from about 1500 to about 1360 bc. At its height the empire extended from Kirkūk (ancient Arrapkha) and the Zagros Mountains in the east through Assyria to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. Its heartland was the Khābūr River region, where Wassukkani, its capital, was probably located....
  • Ḥanīsh Islands (islands, Red Sea)
    archipelago in the southern Red Sea that as of November 1, 1998, was officially recognized as sovereign territory of Yemen. Long under Ottoman sovereignty, the island group’s political status was purposely left indeterminate by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), under which Turkey surrendered all its Asiatic territories...
  • haniwa (Japanese sculpture)
    unglazed terra-cotta cylinders and hollow sculptures arranged on and around the mounded tombs (kofun) of the Japanese elite dating from the Tumulus period (c. ad 250–552). The first and most common haniwa were barrel-shaped cylinders (haniwa means “circle of clay”) used to mark the borders of a burial ground. Later,...
  • Hanjung nok (work by Lady Hong)
    Stories set at court and written by women also flourished during this period. Memorable works of court literature include the Hanjung nok (1795–1805; “Record of Sorrowful Days”), the tragic story of a succession dispute written by Lady Hong, princess of Hyegyŏng Palace; Kyech’uk ilgi (“The Diary of Kyech’uk”), the anonymous reco...
  • hank (textile)
    in textile manufacture, unit of measure applied to a length of yarn or to a loose assemblage of fibres forming a single strand, and varying according to the fibre origin. A hank of cotton or of the spun silk made from short lengths of waste silk is 840 yards (770 m) long. A hank of linen is 300 yards (270 m). In worsted yarn, made from combed fibre, there are 560 yards (510 m) to a hank. ...
  • Hank González, Carlos (Mexican politician)
    Mexican politician (b. Aug. 28, 1927, Santiago Tianguistenco, Mex.—d. Aug. 11, 2001, Santiago Tianguistenco), was a highly influential member of Mexico’s long-ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party and held public office almost continuously from 1955 to 1994. During his career he served as the mayor of Mexico City, the governor of Mexico state, and agriculture secretary, among othe...
  • hanka (Japanese poetry)
    The chōka often concluded with one or more hanka (“envoys”) that resume central points of the preceding poem. The hanka written by the 8th-century poet Yamabe Akahito are so perfectly conceived as to make the ......
  • Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers Hankey, 1st Baron (British soldier and politician)
    soldier and politician, first holder of the office of secretary to the British Cabinet. He also was British secretary at several international conferences, notably at Versailles (1919), Washington (1921), Genoa (1922), London (1924), The Hague (1929–30), and Lausanne (1932)....
  • hankō (Japanese school)
    ...which provided the moral training for upper-class samurai that was essential for maintaining the ideology of the feudal regime. Han, or feudal domains, following the same policy, built hankō, or domain schools, in their castle towns for the education of their own retainers....
  • Hanko, battle of (Russian history)
    ...engineers—the redoubts erected in the path of the Swedish troops to break their combat order, to split them into little groups, and to halt their onslaught. Peter also took part in the naval battle of Gangut (Hanko, or Hangö) in 1714, the first major Russian victory at sea....
  • Hanko Peninsula (peninsula, Finland)
    ...help from Britain and France, the exhausted Finns made peace on Soviet terms on March 12, 1940, agreeing to the cession of western Karelia and to the construction of a Soviet naval base on the Hanko Peninsula....
  • Hankou (China)
    large urban area and river port, east-central Hubei sheng (province), central China. Located on the left bank of the Han River at its confluence with the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), it is the largest of the three former cities (the other two being Hanyang and Wuchang) now constituti...
  • Hankow (China)
    large urban area and river port, east-central Hubei sheng (province), central China. Located on the left bank of the Han River at its confluence with the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), it is the largest of the three former cities (the other two being Hanyang and Wuchang) now constituti...
  • Hanks, Nancy (American pioneer)
    ...weaver’s apprentice who had migrated from England to Massachusetts in 1637. Though much less prosperous than some of his Lincoln forebears, Thomas was a sturdy pioneer. On June 12, 1806, he married Nancy Hanks. The Hanks genealogy is difficult to trace, but Nancy appears to have been of illegitimate birth. She has been described as “stoop-shouldered, thin-breasted, sad,” an...
  • Hanks, Nancy (American public official)
    American public official whose position as chair of the National Endowment for the Arts allowed her to dramatically increase funding for and programs in the arts....
  • Hanks, Thomas J. (American actor)
    American film actor whose cheerful, everyman persona made him a natural for starring roles in many popular films. In the 1990s he expanded his comedic repertoire and began portraying lead characters in dramas....
  • Hanks, Tom (American actor)
    American film actor whose cheerful, everyman persona made him a natural for starring roles in many popular films. In the 1990s he expanded his comedic repertoire and began portraying lead characters in dramas....
  • Hankul (Korean alphabet)
    alphabetic system used for writing the Korean language. The system, known as Chosŏn muntcha in North Korea, consists of 24 letters, including 14 consonant and 10 vowel symbols. The consonant symbols are formed with curved or angled lines; vowel symbols are composed of vertical or horizontal straight lines together with short lines on either side of the main line....
  • Hankyū Electric Railway (railway, Japan)
    ...since 1920 there has been a migration from the city to the suburbs, helped along by private railway companies that have made suburban building land available along their rights-of-way. The Hankyū Electric Railway was particularly instrumental in developing the city of Toyonaka northwest of Ōsaka. Two of the large postwar housing developments are Senri New Town and Senboku......
  • Hanlin Academy (ancient academy, China)
    elite scholarly institution founded in the 8th century ad in China to perform secretarial, archival, and literary tasks for the court and to establish the official interpretation of the Confucian Classics, which were the basis of the civil-service examinations necessary for entrance into the upper levels of the official bureaucracy. The academy lasted until 1911....
  • Hanlin yuan (ancient academy, China)
    elite scholarly institution founded in the 8th century ad in China to perform secretarial, archival, and literary tasks for the court and to establish the official interpretation of the Confucian Classics, which were the basis of the civil-service examinations necessary for entrance into the upper levels of the official bureaucracy. The academy lasted until 1911....
  • Hann, Julius von (Austrian meteorologist)
    ...metres, took samples of air, and later determined that the rarefied air at that altitude contained the same percentage of oxygen (21.49 percent) as the air on the ground. Austrian meteorologist Julius von Hann, working with data from balloon ascents and climbing in the Alps and Himalayas, concluded in 1874 that about 90 percent of all the water vapour in the atmosphere is concentrated below......
  • Hanna and Barbera (American animators)
    American motion-picture animators and partners in Hanna-Barbera Productions, founded in 1957. William Hanna (in full William Denby Hanna; b. July 14, 1910Melrose, N.M., U.S.—d. March 22, 2001Hollywood, Calif.) and ...
  • Hanna, Marcus Alonzo (American industrialist)
    American industrialist and prototype of the political kingmaker; he successfully promoted the presidential candidacy of William McKinley in the election of 1896 and personified the growing influence of big business in American politics....
  • Hanna, Mark (American industrialist)
    American industrialist and prototype of the political kingmaker; he successfully promoted the presidential candidacy of William McKinley in the election of 1896 and personified the growing influence of big business in American politics....
  • Hanna, Ruth (American public official)
    American public official, an activist on behalf of woman suffrage, and a Republican representative to the U.S. Congress....
  • Hanna, Sir Roland Pembroke (American pianist)
    American jazz pianist (b. Feb. 10, 1932, Detroit, Mich.—d. Nov. 13, 2002, Harris, N.Y.), fused classical music bravura and bop-era sophistication as a versatile accompanist, leader, and soloist. While attending the Juilliard School in New York City (M.A., 1960), Hanna toured with swing clarinet king Benny Goodman; he worked with stars such as tenor saxophonist Coleman Hawkins, singer Sarah ...
  • Hanna, William (American animator)
    American animator (b. July 14, 1910, Melrose, N.M.—d. March 22, 2001, Los Angeles, Calif.), in his more than 50-year collaboration with Joseph Barbera, created such popular cartoon characters as Tom and Jerry, Yogi and Boo Boo Bear, Huckleberry Hound, and the Flintstones; Fred Flintstone’s frequent exclamation “yabba dabba doo” became part of the contemporary vocabulary...
  • Hanna, William Denby (American animator)
    American animator (b. July 14, 1910, Melrose, N.M.—d. March 22, 2001, Los Angeles, Calif.), in his more than 50-year collaboration with Joseph Barbera, created such popular cartoon characters as Tom and Jerry, Yogi and Boo Boo Bear, Huckleberry Hound, and the Flintstones; Fred Flintstone’s frequent exclamation “yabba dabba doo” became part of the contemporary vocabulary...
  • Hanna-Barbera Marineland (park, California, United States)
    former large, commercially operated oceanarium at Rancho Palos Verdes near Los Angeles. It was opened in 1954 following the overwhelming success of Marineland in Florida. The aquarium had the world’s largest holding tank, with a circumference of 76 metres (250 feet) and a capacity of close to 3,800,000 litres (1,000,000 gallons). This and other tanks housed an impressive array of fishes (4,...
  • Hannah (Old Testament figure)
    (11th century bc), mother of Samuel, the Jewish judge. Childless as one of the two wives of Elkanah, she prayed for a son, promising to dedicate him to God. Her prayers were answered, and she brought the child Samuel to Shiloh for religious training. In the Talmud she is named as one of seven prophetesses, and her prayer is in the Rosh Hashana (Jewish New Year) first-day service, ex...
  • Hannah (United States ship)
    ...just north of Salem. Settled about 1626, it was named for Beverley, England, when incorporated as a town (township) in 1668. It early developed as a shipping centre, and the schooner Hannah, claimed to be the first ship of the U.S. Navy, was commissioned (September 5, 1775) at Glover’s Wharf in Beverly by George Washington. One of New England’s first successful cot...
  • Hannah (mother of Virgin Mary)
    the parents of the Virgin Mary, according to tradition derived from certain apocryphal writings. Information concerning their lives and names is found in the 2nd-century-ad Protevangelium of James (“First Gospel of James”) and the 3rd-century-ad Evangelium de nativitate Mariae (“Gospel of the Nativ...
  • Hannah and Her Sisters (film by Allen [1986])
    Original Screenplay: Woody Allen for Hannah and Her SistersAdapted Screenplay: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala for A Room with a ViewCinematography: Chris Menges for The MissionArt Direction: Brian Ackland-Snow and Gianni Quaranta for A Room with a......
  • Hannah, Barry (American writer)
    American author of darkly comic, often violent novels and short stories set in the Deep South....
  • Hannah Duston Memorial Historic Site (site, New Hampshire, United States)
    The Hannah Duston Memorial Historic Site commemorates a clash between settlers and Abenaki Indians in Boscawen in 1697. Daniel Webster was born near Franklin in 1782. The village of Canterbury, founded in the late 18th century, contains a re-created Shaker community with 25 original buildings dating from as early as 1785. Colby-Sawyer College, formerly......
  • Hannahanna (Anatolian goddess)
    There was a mother goddess, Hannahanna “the grandmother,” closely associated with birth, creation, and destiny, but the theologians appear to have regarded her as a minor deity....
  • Hannan, Michael T. (American sociologist)
    In their work Organizational Ecology (1989), the American sociologists Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman argued that reliability and accountability—the very properties that make organizations the favoured social forms in modern society—also discourage, and in some cases even prevent, organizations from changing their core features. The authors suggested that large......
  • Hannan, Paddy (Australian prospector)
    ...to the south, it forms the principal settlement of the East Coolgardie goldfield, on the western fringe of the Nullarbor Plain and the Great Victoria Desert. Mining began with a rush following Paddy Hannan’s discovery of gold in 1893, and the main deposit of deep, rich ores came to be known as the Golden Mile reef. Kalgoorlie developed as Hannan’s Find; its present name is a corru...
  • Hannan’s Find (Western Australia, Australia)
    town, south central Western Australia. Together with neighbouring Boulder to the south, it forms the principal settlement of the East Coolgardie goldfield, on the western fringe of the Nullarbor Plain and the Great Victoria Desert. Mining began with a rush following Paddy Hannan’s discovery of gold in 1893, and the main deposit of deep, rich ores came to be known as the G...
  • Hannara Dang (political party, South Korea)
    conservative political party in South Korea....
  • Hannay, James Ballantyne (Scottish chemist)
    In 1880 the Scottish chemist James Ballantyne Hannay claimed that he had made diamonds by heating a mixture of paraffin, bone oil, and lithium to red heat in sealed wrought-iron tubes. In 1893 the French chemist Henri Moissan announced he had been successful in making diamonds by placing a crucible containing pure carbon and iron in an electric furnace and subjecting the very hot (about......
  • Hannibal (film by Scott)
    ...he directed Gladiator (2000), which won the Academy Award for best picture and earned Scott his second Oscar nomination for best director. His next film, Hannibal (2001), was a box-office hit despite poor reviews, and his military drama Black Hawk Down (2001) was nominated for four Academy Awards, including best......
  • Hannibal (Carthaginian general [circa 408 BC])
    ...rule of Theron’s son, Thrasydaeus, but this only led to the citizens’ massacre by Theron and a resettlement of the town with Dorians. Himera was finally destroyed in 409 by Hamilcar’s grandson Hannibal....
  • Hannibal (Carthaginian general [247-183 BC])
    Carthaginian general, one of the great military leaders of antiquity, who commanded the Carthaginian forces against Rome in the Second Punic War (218–201 bc)....
  • Hannibal (Missouri, United States)
    city, Ralls and Marion counties, northeastern Missouri, U.S., on the Mississippi River, 100 miles (160 km) north of St. Louis. Noted as the boyhood home of Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Hannibal was the setting for some of his books, including his classics about Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn. Settled (1819) by Moses Bates on land given (1818) to Abraham Bird as compensation for proper...
  • Hannington, James (British missionary)
    English Anglican missionary and first bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa....
  • Hanno (Carthaginian ruler)
    leader of the aristocratic pro-Roman faction at Carthage during the Second Punic War (218–201) between Rome and Carthage. In 241 Hanno was given command against the Carthaginian mercenaries who had raised a rebellion among the native North African peoples subject to Carthage. Nevertheless, his incompetence as a general soon forced him to share the command with Hamilcar Ba...
  • Hanno (Carthaginian explorer)
    Carthaginian who conducted a voyage of exploration and colonization to the west coast of Africa sometime during the 5th century. Setting sail with 60 vessels holding 30,000 men and women, Hanno founded Thymiaterion (now Kenitra, Mor.) and built a temple at Soloeis (Cape Cantin, now Cape Meddouza). He then founded five additional cities in and around present Morocco, including Carian Fortress (Gree...
  • Hanno, Saint (archbishop of Cologne)
    archbishop of Cologne who was prominent in the political struggles of the Holy Roman Empire....
  • Hanno the Great (Carthaginian ruler)
    leader of the aristocratic pro-Roman faction at Carthage during the Second Punic War (218–201) between Rome and Carthage. In 241 Hanno was given command against the Carthaginian mercenaries who had raised a rebellion among the native North African peoples subject to Carthage. Nevertheless, his incompetence as a general soon forced him to share the command with Hamilcar Ba...
  • Hannon, Ezra (American author)
    prolific American writer of best-selling fiction, of which more than 50 books are crime stories published under the pseudonym Ed McBain....
  • Hannong, C. F. (French potter)
    ...noted for overglaze painting in the Rococo style. Perhaps the most influential factory was that of Strasbourg, in Alsace (which had officially become part of France in 1697), founded by C.F. Hannong in 1709. The wares—painted in blue, in other faience colours, and in overglaze colours—were much copied elsewhere. Overglaze colours were introduced about 1740, their first......
  • Hannong, Joseph-Adam (French pottery manufacturer)
    pottery made mostly in Strasbourg, Fr., under the direction of members of the Hannong family from 1721 to 1780. The factory was founded by Charles-François Hannong and was later administered (1730–60) by his son Paul-Antoine and then by the latter’s son Joseph-Adam (1762–80). Faience (tin-glazed earthenware) and porcelain were the principal products of the Hannong......
  • Hannong, Paul-Antoine (French pottery manufacturer)
    pottery made mostly in Strasbourg, Fr., under the direction of members of the Hannong family from 1721 to 1780. The factory was founded by Charles-François Hannong and was later administered (1730–60) by his son Paul-Antoine and then by the latter’s son Joseph-Adam (1762–80). Faience (tin-glazed earthenware) and porcelain were the principal products of the Hannong......
  • Hannong, Pierre-Antoine (French pottery manufacturer)
    ...Dubois, until 1756 (three years after it had become the royal manufactory), when the concern moved to Sèvres, near Versailles. After 1756 pottery continued to be made at Vincennes, under Pierre-Antoine Hannong; both tin-glazed earthenware (officially) and soft-paste porcelain (clandestinely, in defiance of a Sèvres monopoly) were made until royal intervention forced Hannong...
  • Hannover (administrative district, Germany)
    ...established on Nov. 1, 1946, by the British military government, which merged the former Prussian province of Hanover with the states of Braunschweig, Oldenburg, and Schaumburg-Lippe. Its capital is Hannover. Area 18,385 square miles (47,616 square km). Pop. (2006 est.) 7,982,685....
  • Hannover (Germany)
    city, capital of Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies on the Leine River and the Mittelland Canal, where the spurs of the Harz Mountains meet the wide North German Plain....
  • Hannover (historical state, Germany)
    former state of northwestern Germany, first an electorate (1692–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire, then a kingdom (1814–66), and finally a Prussian province (1866–1945). After World War II the state was administratively abolished; its former territory formed about 80 percent of the Land (state) of Lower Saxony....
  • Hannum, Alex (American coach)
    American basketball coach (b. July 19, 1923, Los Angeles, Calif.—d. Jan. 18, 2002, San Diego, Calif.), was the first coach to win championships in both the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the American Basketball Association (ABA); he was also one of only two coaches ever to win NBA titles with two different teams. Hannum played professional basketball from 1948 to 1957. He then be...
  • Hanoi (Vietnam)
    capital, from 1976, of Vietnam; capital, 1954–76, of North Vietnam; and former capital of French Indochina. The city is situated in northern Vietnam on the western bank of the Red River, about 85 miles (140 km) inland from the South China Sea....
  • Hanoi Poison Plot (Vietnamese history)
    ...autonomous domain. Trouble continued, however, as De Tham strove to expand his holdings; but the French ignored his threats. In 1908 De Tham collaborated with other nationalists in an abortive attempt to kill French guests at a banquet. Thereafter he was a hunted man with a price on his head. He was finally assassinated by three Chinese who were among his followers....
  • Hanoi, Tower of (puzzle)
    The puzzle of the Tower of Hanoi is believed to have been originated in 1883 by Lucas, under the name of M. Claus. Ever popular, made of wood or plastic, it still can be found in toy shops. It consists essentially of three pegs fastened to a stand and of eight circular disks, each having a hole in the centre. The disks, all of different radii, are initially placed (see Figure 18) on one of the......
  • Hanotaux, Albert-Auguste-Gabriel (French statesman and historian)
    statesman, diplomat, and historian who directed a major French colonial expansion in Africa and who championed a Franco-Russian alliance that proved important in the events leading to World War I....
  • Hanotaux, Gabriel (French statesman and historian)
    statesman, diplomat, and historian who directed a major French colonial expansion in Africa and who championed a Franco-Russian alliance that proved important in the events leading to World War I....
  • Hanover (Germany)
    city, capital of Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies on the Leine River and the Mittelland Canal, where the spurs of the Harz Mountains meet the wide North German Plain....
  • Hanover (New Hampshire, United States)
    town (township), Grafton county, western New Hampshire, U.S. It lies along the Connecticut River and includes the communities of Hanover and Etna. It was settled in 1765 and named for Hanover, Connecticut, the home of many of its early settlers. Hanover is the seat of Dartmouth College (founded 1769) and the Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital....
  • Hanover (administrative district, Germany)
    ...established on Nov. 1, 1946, by the British military government, which merged the former Prussian province of Hanover with the states of Braunschweig, Oldenburg, and Schaumburg-Lippe. Its capital is Hannover. Area 18,385 square miles (47,616 square km). Pop. (2006 est.) 7,982,685....
  • Hanover (Pennsylvania, United States)
    borough (town), York county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies in the Conewago Creek valley, 20 miles (32 km) southwest of York. Laid out in 1763 by Colonel Richard McAllister, it was incorporated as a borough in 1815 and named for Hanover, Germany. Earlier it had been known as McAllistertown. Later it was called Rogue’s Roost, and Rogue’s Harb...
  • Hanover (Virginia, United States)
    village, seat of Hanover county, east-central Virginia, U.S. It lies immediately east of Ashland, near the Pamunkey River, 15 miles (24 km) north of Richmond. Founded in 1720 and named for the elector of Hanover (afterward King George I of England), it is known for its association with Patrick Henry, orator of the American...
  • Hanover (historical state, Germany)
    former state of northwestern Germany, first an electorate (1692–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire, then a kingdom (1814–66), and finally a Prussian province (1866–1945). After World War II the state was administratively abolished; its former territory formed about 80 percent of the Land (state) of Lower Saxony....
  • Hanover, House of (British royal house)
    British royal house of German origin, descended from George Louis, elector of Hanover, who succeeded to the British crown, as George I, in 1714. The dynasty provided six monarchs: George I (reigned 1714–27), George II (reigned 1727–60), George III (reigned 1760–1820), George IV (reigned 1820–30)...
  • Hanover, League of (European history [1725])
    ...president of the Privy Council and (in 1721) secretary of state. By 1724 he and Walpole were the leading figures in the ministry. Townshend’s major diplomatic achievement was the formation of the League of Hanover (1725), which brought England, France, and Prussia into an alliance against Austria and Spain. Nevertheless, in 1730 Townshend resigned because Walpole—by now the domina...
  • Hanover Tavern (building, Hanover, Virginia, United States)
    ...by effectively pleading (December 1, 1763) the colony’s case against the Parson’s Cause. In 1775 he organized Virginia’s first military company, the Hanover County Volunteers, in the village. The Hanover Tavern (c. 1723), operated by John Shelton, Henry’s father-in-law, has been restored and is now the home of the Barksdale Theatre....
  • Hanqing (Chinese warlord)
    Chinese warlord who, together with Yang Hucheng, in the Xi’an Incident (1936), compelled the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) to form a wartime alliance with the Chinese communists against Japan....
  • hanren (Chinese social class)
    The bulk of the population belonged to the third and fourth classes, the han-jen, or northern Chinese, and the man-tzu, or southern barbarians, who lived in what had been Sung China. The expenses of state and the support of the privileged bore heavily on these two classes, with Kublai’s continuing wars and his extravagant building operations at Ta-tu. Peasants were brought in ...
  • Hanriot, François (French military commander)
    commander in chief of the Paris national guard during the supremacy of the Jacobin Club radicals, led by Maximilien Robespierre, in the French Revolution....
  • Hans (king of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden)
    king of Denmark (1481–1513) and Norway (1483–1513) and king (as John II) of Sweden (1497–1501) who failed in his efforts to incorporate Sweden into a Danish-dominated Scandinavian union. He was more successful in fostering the commercial development of Danish burghers to challenge the power of the nobility....
  • Hans Adam, Fürst von Liechtenstein (prince of Liechtenstein)
    member of the ruling family of Liechtenstein who became prince (head of state) in 1989....
  • Hans Adam II, prince of Liechtenstein (prince of Liechtenstein)
    member of the ruling family of Liechtenstein who became prince (head of state) in 1989....
  • Hans Brinker: or, The Silver Skates (work by Dodge)
    ...narrative, was reflected in the 116 novels of Oliver Optic (William Taylor Adams). But a quartet of books appearing from 1865 to 1880—heralded a happier day. These were Mary Mapes Dodge’s Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates (1865), which for all its Sunday-school tone, revealed to American children an interesting foreign culture and told a story that still has charm; Louisa ...
  • Hans Heiling (opera by Marschner)
    ...Der Vampyr (1828) and Templer und Jüdin (1829; libretto after Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe). In 1831 he became court Kapellmeister at Hannover. His most successful opera, Hans Heiling, was produced in Berlin in 1833; it remains in the operatic repertory in Germany. He produced five further operas, but none of them achieved the success of his earlier works...
  • Hans Hofmann School of Fine Art (school, United States)
    In 1930 Hofmann moved to the United States, where he taught at the Art Students League in New York City and later opened his own Hans Hofmann School of Fine Art, which soon became one of the most prestigious art schools in the country. By 1939 he was able to break away from the Expressionistic landscapes and still lifes he had painted in the early 1930s, and he developed a totally abstract......
  • Hans im Schnakenloch (work by Schickele)
    ...Der Ritt ins Leben (1905; “The Ride into Life”), and in his first novel, Der Fremde (1907; “The Stranger”). This conflict was powerfully dramatized in Hans im Schnakenloch (1916; “Hans in the Gnat Hole”), in which the protagonist, Hans, must choose between Germany and France in time of war; torn within himself, he seeks death in the...
  • Hans Nads, testamente (work by Bergman)
    ...of Ibsen. His most original contribution to drama was Marionettspel (1917; “Plays of Marionettes”), reflecting the same pessimism as his later novels. His first popular novel Hans Nåds testamente (1910; “His Grace’s Will”) was set in Bergslagen, and portrayed the eccentric Baron Roger and his valet Vickberg in richly comic scenes. Beneath ...
  • Hans of Iceland (novel by Hugo)
    In 1823 he published his first novel, Han d’Islande, which in 1825 appeared in an English translation as Hans of Iceland. The journalist Charles Nodier was enthusiastic about it and drew Hugo into the group of friends, all devotees of Romanticism, who met regularly at the Bibliothèque de L’Arsenal. While frequenting this literary circle, which was called t...
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