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  • Hashemite (Islamic history)
    any of the Arab descendants, either direct or collateral, of the prophet Muḥammad, from among whom came the family that created the 20th-century Hāshimite dynasty. Muḥammad himself was a member of the house of Hāshim (Hāshem), a subdivision of the Quraysh tribe. The most revered line of Hāshimites passed through Ḥasan...
  • Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
    Arab country of Southwest Asia, in the rocky desert of the northern Arabian Peninsula....
  • Hashiguchi Goyō (Japanese artist)
    ...women were the primary subjects. Watanabe Shōsaburō (1885–1962) was the publisher most active in this movement. His contributing artists included Kawase Hasui (1883–1957), Hashiguchi Goyō (1880–1921), Yoshida Hiroshi (1876–1950), and Itō Shinsui (1898–1972). Hashiguchi was determined to have complete control over his artistic output...
  • Hāshim, Banu (Quraysh clan)
    Muhammad was born in 570 of the Hāshimite (Banū Hāshim) branch of the noble house of ʿAbd Manāf; though orphaned at an early age and, in consequence, with little influence, he never lacked protection by his clan. Marriage to a wealthy widow improved his position as a merchant, but he began to make his mark in Mecca by preaching the oneness of Allah. Rejected by t...
  • Hāshim ibn Ḥākim (Arabian religious leader)
    religious leader, originally a fuller (cloth processor) from Merv, in Khorāsān, who led a revolt in that province against the ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Mahdī. Preaching a doctrine combining elements of Islām and Zoroastrianism, al-Muquannaʿ carried on warfare for about three years in the field and for two years longer ...
  • Hāshimite (Islamic history)
    any of the Arab descendants, either direct or collateral, of the prophet Muḥammad, from among whom came the family that created the 20th-century Hāshimite dynasty. Muḥammad himself was a member of the house of Hāshim (Hāshem), a subdivision of the Quraysh tribe. The most revered line of Hāshimites passed through Ḥasan...
  • Hāshimīyah (Islamic sect)
    Islamic religiopolitical sect of the 8th–9th century ad, instrumental in the ʿAbbāsid overthrow of the Umayyad caliphate. The movement appeared in the Iraqi city of Kūfah in the early 700s among supporters (called Shīʿites) of the fourth caliph ʿAlī, who believed that succession to ʿAlī’s ...
  • Hashimoto disease (pathology)
    a noninfectious form of inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis)....
  • Hashimoto Gahō (Japanese painter)
    Japanese painter who helped revive Japanese-style painting in the Meiji era....
  • Hashimoto Ryūtarō (prime minister of Japan)
    Japanese politician, whose election as prime minister in 1996 signaled a return to Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) rule after a brief Socialist regime (1994–95). He left office in 1998 after having failed in his attempts to end a long-lasting economic recession in Japan....
  • Hashimoto Sentarō (Japanese painter)
    Japanese painter who helped revive Japanese-style painting in the Meiji era....
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis (pathology)
    a noninfectious form of inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis)....
  • hashish (drug)
    a hallucinogenic drug preparation derived from the resin secreted by the flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plants (Cannabis sativa). More loosely, in Arabic-speaking countries, the term may denote a preparation made from any of various parts of the hemp plant—such as the leaves or dried flowering tops, used to prepare what is elsewhere more commonly called ...
  • Hashr, Agha (Pakistani writer)
    The best known playwright of this period is Agha Hashr (1876–1935), a poet-dramatist of flamboyant imagination and superb craftsmanship. Among his famous plays are Sita Banbas, based on an incident from the Rāmāyaṇa; Bilwa Mangal, a social play on the life of a poet, whose blind passion for a prostitute results in remorse; and......
  • Ḥashshāsh sect (Islamic group)
    in Middle Eastern and Asian history, any member of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlites, a religiopolitical Islāmic sect dating from the 11th to the 13th century and known, in its early years, for murdering its enemies as a religious duty. The Arabic name means “hashish smoker,” referring to the Assassins’ alleged practice of taking hashish to induc...
  • Ḥashshāshīn (Islamic group)
    in Middle Eastern and Asian history, any member of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlites, a religiopolitical Islāmic sect dating from the 11th to the 13th century and known, in its early years, for murdering its enemies as a religious duty. The Arabic name means “hashish smoker,” referring to the Assassins’ alleged practice of taking hashish to induc...
  • Ḥasi, Tel (archaeological site, Israel)
    ancient archaeological site in southwestern Palestine, located southwest of Lachish (Tel Lakhish) in modern Israel. Excavation of the site, carried out in 1890 by Sir Flinders Petrie and in 1892–94 by F.J. Bliss, revealed that the first occupation began about 2600 bc. More important, however, Petrie’s work there was the first stratigraphic excavation in Palestine. Recog...
  • Hasidean (ancient Jewish sect)
    member of a pre-Christian Jewish sect of uncertain origin, noted for uncompromising observance of Judaic Law. The Hasideans joined the Maccabean revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids (2nd century bc) to fight for religious freedom and stem the tide of paganism. They had no interest in politics as such, and they later withdrew from the Maccabean cause as soon as they had regained t...
  • Ḥasidim (ancient Jewish sect)
    member of a pre-Christian Jewish sect of uncertain origin, noted for uncompromising observance of Judaic Law. The Hasideans joined the Maccabean revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids (2nd century bc) to fight for religious freedom and stem the tide of paganism. They had no interest in politics as such, and they later withdrew from the Maccabean cause as soon as they had regained t...
  • Ḥasidism (modern Jewish religious movement)
    charismatic founder (c. 1750) of Ḥasidism, a Jewish spiritual movement characterized by mysticism and opposition to secular studies and Jewish rationalism. He aroused controversy by mixing with ordinary people, renouncing mortification of the flesh, and insisting on the holiness of ordinary bodily existence. He was also responsible for divesting Kabbala (esoteric Jewish......
  • Ḥasidism (medieval Jewish religious movement)
    (from Hebrew ḥasid, “pious one”), a 12th- and 13th-century Jewish religious movement in Germany that combined austerity with overtones of mysticism. It sought favour with the common people, who had grown dissatisfied with formalistic ritualism and had turned their attention to developing a personal spiritual life, as reflected in the movement’s great work, ...
  • hasina (Indonesian religious belief)
    The concept of hasina among the Merina (Hova) of central Madagascar is very similar to that of mana. It demonstrates the same aristocratic root character as the word mana, which is derived from the Indonesian manang (“to be influential, superior”)....
  • Hasina Wazed, Sheikh (prime minister of Bangladesh)
    Following two years of political tumult, Sheikh Hasina Wazed, president of the Awami League, was elected prime minister of Bangladesh on June 12, 1996. Her government was expected to bring political stability and renewed economic vitality to the 25-year-old country....
  • Haskala (Judaic movement)
    a late 18th- and 19th-century intellectual movement among the Jews of central and eastern Europe that attempted to acquaint Jews with the European and Hebrew languages and with secular education and culture as supplements to traditional Talmudic studies. Though the Haskala owed much of its inspiration and values to the European Enlightenment, its roots, character, and development were distinctly J...
  • Haskalah (Judaic movement)
    a late 18th- and 19th-century intellectual movement among the Jews of central and eastern Europe that attempted to acquaint Jews with the European and Hebrew languages and with secular education and culture as supplements to traditional Talmudic studies. Though the Haskala owed much of its inspiration and values to the European Enlightenment, its roots, character, and development were distinctly J...
  • Haskins, Charles Homer (American educator)
    American educator and a leading medievalist of his generation, known for his critical studies of Norman institutions and the transmission of Greco-Arabic learning to the West....
  • Haskins, Don (American college basketball coach)
    American college basketball coach who helped bring racial integration to college basketball when in 1966 he started five African American players on his Texas Western College team, and the squad defeated the all-white University of Kentucky team to win the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I championship. The season was memorialized in the 2006 movie Glory Road, based...
  • Haskins, Donald L. (American college basketball coach)
    American college basketball coach who helped bring racial integration to college basketball when in 1966 he started five African American players on his Texas Western College team, and the squad defeated the all-white University of Kentucky team to win the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I championship. The season was memorialized in the 2006 movie Glory Road, based...
  • Haskovo (Bulgaria)
    town, southern Bulgaria. It lies in the northeastern foothills of the Rhodope Mountains. Founded about 1385 at the outset of the Ottoman period, it is located on the Sofia-Istanbul road and is connected by rail with the Belgrade–Sofia–Istanbul trunk rail line. Its populace includes many refugees from Macedonia and Aegean Thrace. Industries include the production of...
  • Haslemere (England, United Kingdom)
    town (parish), Waverley district, administrative and historic county of Surrey, England. Located in the southwestern corner of Surrey, Haslemere is attractively situated between the sandy heights of Hindhead (895 feet [273 m]) and Blackdown (918 feet), both of which belong to the National Trust. The Dolmetsch family, internationally known as performers of earl...
  • Hasluck, Sir Paul Meernaa Caedwalla (Australian politician)
    Australian politician (b. April 1, 1905, Fremantle, Australia--d. Jan. 9, 1993, Perth, Australia), was a respected Cabinet minister and the first serving party politician to be named (1969) governor-general of Australia. Hasluck, who was from a family of Salvation Army officers, obtained a master’s degree from the University of Western Australia, worked as a newspaper journalist (1922-38), ...
  • Hasmonaean dynasty (Judaean dynasty)
    dynasty of ancient Judaea, descendants of the Maccabee family. The name derived (according to Josephus, in The Antiquities of the Jews) from the name of their ancestor Hasmoneus (Hasmon), or Asamonaios. In 143 (or 142) bc Simon Maccabeus, son of Mattathias (and brother of Judas Maccabeus), succeeded his brother Jonathan as leader of the M...
  • Hasmonean dynasty (Judaean dynasty)
    dynasty of ancient Judaea, descendants of the Maccabee family. The name derived (according to Josephus, in The Antiquities of the Jews) from the name of their ancestor Hasmoneus (Hasmon), or Asamonaios. In 143 (or 142) bc Simon Maccabeus, son of Mattathias (and brother of Judas Maccabeus), succeeded his brother Jonathan as leader of the M...
  • Hasmoneus (Jewish leader)
    ...hills with his five sons and waged a guerrilla war against the Syrians, being succeeded by his son Judas Maccabeus. Because, according to Josephus, Mattathias’ great-great-grandfather was called Hasmoneus, the family is often designated Hasmonean rather than Maccabee. ...
  • Hasner, Leopold, Ritter von Artha (Austrian prime minister)
    economist, jurist, and politician who served as liberal Austrian minister of education (1867–70) and briefly as prime minister (1870)....
  • Hass, Robert (American poet and translator)
    American poet and translator whose body of work and tenure as poet laureate consultant in poetry (1995–97) reveal his deep conviction that poetry, as one critic put it, “is what defines the self.”...
  • Hassaka, Al- (Syria)
    town, northeastern Syria. The town lies on the banks of the Khābūr River (a tributary of the Euphrates) at its confluence with the Jaghjaghah. Under the Ottoman Empire it lost its importance, but it revived with the settlement there of Assyrian refugees from Iraq during the French mandate of Syria after 1932. Now an important road junction near the Turkish and Iraqi frontiers, Al-...
  • Hassam, Childe (American painter)
    painter and printmaker, one of the foremost exponents of French Impressionism in American art....
  • Hassam, Frederick Childe (American painter)
    painter and printmaker, one of the foremost exponents of French Impressionism in American art....
  • Hassan (India)
    town, south-central Karnātaka (formerly Mysore) state, southern India. Lying at an elevation of 3,084 feet (940 metres), the town has a cool, humid climate. It dates from the 12th century and is now a trading centre served by a spur line of the railway from Arsikere to Mysore. The town’s industries include several rice mills and engineering and cement works. Hassan...
  • Hassan Abdal (Pakistan)
    town, northern Pakistan. The town is a textile and communications centre that is connected by the Grand Trunk Road and by rail with Peshawar and Rawalpindi. It has government colleges affiliated with the University of the Punjab. The Buddhist site of Hasan Abdal, just east of the town, dates from the 2nd century bc and has given the town its modern name. Pop. (1998) 37,789....
  • Hassan I (sultan of Morocco)
    sultan of Morocco (1873–94), whose policy of internal reforms brought his country a degree of stability previously unknown and who succeeded in preserving the independence of that North African nation....
  • Ḥassān ibn al-Nuʿmān (Arab general)
    ...of these operations are uncertain, but they must have occurred before 688 when Zuhayr ibn Qays himself was killed in an attack on Byzantine positions in Cyrenaica. The second Arab army, commanded by Ḥassān ibn al-Nuʿmān, was dispatched from Egypt in 693. It faced stiff resistance in the eastern Aurès Mountains from the Jawāra Berbers, who were commanded...
  • Ḥassān ibn Thābit (Arabian poet)
    Arabian poet, best known for his poems in defense of the Prophet Muhammad....
  • Hassan II (king of Morocco)
    king of Morocco from 1961 to 1999. Hassan was considered by pious Muslims to be a direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (Ahl al-Bayt)....
  • Hassan II Agriculture and Veterinary Institute (Rabat, Morocco)
    ...at urban centres throughout the country. Its leading institutions include Muḥammad V University in Rabat, the country’s largest university, with branches in Casablanca and Fès; the Hassan II Agriculture and Veterinary Institute in Rabat, which conducts leading social science research in addition to its agricultural specialties; and Al-Akhawayn University in Ifrane, the firs...
  • Hassan, Mohammed Abdullah (Somalian leader)
    Somali religious and nationalist leader (called the “Mad Mullah” by the British) who for 20 years led armed resistance to the British, Italian, and Ethiopian colonial forces in Somaliland. Because of his active resistance to the British and his vision of a Somalia united in a Muslim brotherhood transcending clan divisions, Sayyid Maxamed is seen as a forerunner of modern Somali natio...
  • Hassan, Muhammad Farah (Somalian general)
    (MUHAMMAD FARAH HASSAN), Somali faction leader (b. c. 1930, Beledweyne, Italian Somaliland--d. Aug. 1, 1996, Mogadishu, Somalia), was the most dominant of the clan leaders at the centre of the civil war that had raged in Somalia since 1991 in spite of UN intervention. In 1995, though his forces controlled only about half of the country, his supporters elected him president of all of Somalia...
  • Hassan, Muhammad ibn al- (king of Morocco)
    Hours after the death of King Hassan II of Morocco on July 23, 1999, his oldest son took the throne as Muhammad VI. The new king thus joined two other young rulers of the Arab world—King Abdullah II of Jordan, who was a personal friend, and Sheikh Hamad ibn Isa al-Khalifah of Bahrain—who assumed power in 1999 upon the deaths of their fathers....
  • Hassan, Sir Joshua Abraham (Gibraltar politician)
    Gibraltarian politician who spent more than 40 years in government; he was especially noted for his leadership in resisting Spain’s claims to the British colony and for instilling a sense of Gibraltarian identity in the colony’s inhabitants (b. Aug. 21, 1915--d. July 1, 1997)....
  • Ḥassānīyah (Moorish language)
    The Moors speak Ḥassānīyah, a dialect that draws most of its grammar from Arabic and uses a vocabulary of both Arabic and Berber words. Most of the members of the aristocratic castes also know literary Arabic....
  • hassapikos (folk dance)
    ...elsewhere. The pyrrhic dance of ancient Greece served as an exercise of military training until late antiquity, when it degenerated into popular professional entertainment. The hassapikos, or butchers’ dance, of Turkey and ancient and modern Greece—now a communal social dance—was in the Middle Ages a battle mime with swords performed by the butchers’ guild, wh...
  • Hasse, Ernst (German nationalist)
    German nationalist and political leader who turned the General German League (Allgemeiner Deutscher Verband), founded in 1891, into the militantly nationalistic and anti-Semitic Pan-German League (Alldeutscher Verband) in 1894....
  • Hasse, Faustina (Italian opera singer)
    Italian mezzo-soprano, one of the first great prima donnas, known for her beauty and acting as well as her vocal range and breath control....
  • Hasse, Johann Adolph (German composer)
    outstanding composer of operas in the Italian style that dominated late Baroque opera....
  • Hassel, Odd (Norwegian chemist)
    Norwegian physical chemist and corecipient, with Derek H.R. Barton of Great Britain, of the 1969 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in establishing conformational analysis (the study of the three-dimensional geometric structure of molecules)....
  • Hasselbach, Karl (Danish biochemist)
    ...the addition of acids or bases resulting from physiological processes, are known as physiological buffers. The chemical expression developed by Henderson, and modified by the Danish biochemist Karl Hasselbach, to describe these systems, now known as the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, is of fundamental importance to biochemistry....
  • Hasselblad, Mother Elisabeth (Catholic nun)
    ...of the Protestant Reformation, the order was nearly destroyed when its houses were suppressed and confiscated. The modern Sisters of the Most Holy Savior of St. Bridget, founded at Rome in 1911 by Mother Elisabeth Hasselblad, were recognized by the Holy See in 1942 as an offshoot of the ancient order. Its members are contemplatives whose prayer life is directed to the reunion of all......
  • Hasselburg, Frederick (Australian sealer)
    ...coast falls steeply away. Although the island is treeless, its slopes and coastal flats are covered by heavy vegetation, and there are a few small glacial lakes. The island was sighted in 1810 by Frederick Hasselburg, an Australian sealer, who named it after Lachlan Macquarie, then governor of New South Wales. A meteorologic and geologic research station has been maintained on the island......
  • Hasselquist, Tufve Nilsson (Swedish minister)
    church organized in the United States by Norwegian and Swedish immigrants in 1860 in Jefferson Prairie, Wisconsin, as the Scandinavian Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Tufve Nilsson Hasselquist, an ordained minister in the Church of Sweden, was the first president. It took its name from Confessio Augustana, the Latin name for the Augsburg Confession, written in 1530 by German Lutheran......
  • Hasselt (Belgium)
    capital of Limburg province, northeastern Belgium. It lies along the Demer River near the Albert Canal, northwest of Liège. For centuries it has been a centre of administration, a market town, and a home of distilleries (the gin called Hasselt Spirit is still produced there). Since coal mining began (1917) in the Kempenland (Campine) to the north, Hasselt has also developed industri...
  • Hasselt, André Henri Constant van (Belgian poet)
    Romantic poet whose career influenced the “Young Belgium” writers’ efforts to establish an identifiable French-Belgian literature in the late-19th century....
  • Hasselt, André van (Belgian poet)
    Romantic poet whose career influenced the “Young Belgium” writers’ efforts to establish an identifiable French-Belgian literature in the late-19th century....
  • Hassenpflug, Hans Daniel Ludwig Friedrich (German politician)
    pro-Austrian Hessian politician whose reactionary, anticonstitutional policies earned him the nickname “Hessenfluch” (“Curse of Hesse”)....
  • Hassett, Arthur Lindsay (Australian cricketer)
    Australian cricketer (b. Aug. 28, 1913, Geelong, Victoria, Australia--d. June 16, 1993, Bateman’s Bay, New South Wales, Australia), was one of his country’s finest batsmen for more than two decades and was Don Bradman’s successor (1949) as captain of the Australia Test side. Hassett first showed his style as a 17-year-old student at Geelong College, when he scored 147 not out...
  • Hassi Messaoud (oil field, Algeria)
    major oilfield, east-central Algeria. The field lies in the Grand Erg (sand dunes) Oriental of the Sahara. The Hassi Messaoud oilfield, discovered in 1956, has a generally north-south axis, and the reservoirs are sandstones of the Paleozoic Era. In 1979 Hassi Messaoud’s oil refinery was expanded, increasing its production capacity to about 9,500,000 barrels annually. In the early 1980s the...
  • Hassi RʾMel (Algeria)
    town, containing one of the world’s major natural-gas fields (discovered in 1956), north-central Algeria. It lies 37 miles (60 km) northwest of Ghardaïa. It is also an intermediate stage on the natural-gas and oil pipelines running from Hassi Messaoud to the northern Algeria coastal cities of Arzew, Algiers, and Skikda....
  • hassium (chemical element)
    an artificially produced element belonging to the transuranium group, atomic number 108. It was synthesized and identified in 1984 by West German researchers at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung [GSI]) in Darmstadt. On the basis of its position in the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to have chemical properties simil...
  • Hassler, Hans Leo (German composer)
    outstanding German composer notable for his creative expansion of several musical styles....
  • “hässliche Herzogin, Die” (work by Feuchtwanger)
    ...in 1918 with a dissertation on poet Heinrich Heine. Also in 1918 he founded a literary journal, Der Spiegel. His first historical novel was Die hässliche Herzogin (1923; The Ugly Duchess), about Margaret Maultasch, duchess of Tirol. His finest novel, Jud Süss (1925; also published as Jew Süss and Power), set in 18th-century Germany,...
  • Hasso, Signe (Swedish actress)
    Swedish-born actress (b. Aug. 15, 1910, Stockholm, Swed.—d. June 7, 2002, Los Angeles, Calif.), appeared in a wide variety of moderately successful (often villainous) roles in European and American films, beginning with Tystnadens hus (1933) in her native Sweden. In 1942 she moved to Hollywood, where her movies included Heaven Can Wait (1943), The Seventh Cross (1944), ...
  • Hasso, Signe Eleonora Cecilia Larsson (Swedish actress)
    Swedish-born actress (b. Aug. 15, 1910, Stockholm, Swed.—d. June 7, 2002, Los Angeles, Calif.), appeared in a wide variety of moderately successful (often villainous) roles in European and American films, beginning with Tystnadens hus (1933) in her native Sweden. In 1942 she moved to Hollywood, where her movies included Heaven Can Wait (1943), The Seventh Cross (1944), ...
  • Hassuna (ancient city, Iraq)
    ancient Mesopotamian town located south of modern Mosul in northern Iraq. Excavated in 1943–44 by the Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities, Hassuna was found to represent a rather advanced village culture that apparently spread throughout northern Mesopotamia. At Hassuna itself, six layers of houses were uncovered, each progressively more substantial. Large clay vessels sunk into the ground we...
  • Hassuna Period (archaeology)
    ...houses were uncovered, each progressively more substantial. Large clay vessels sunk into the ground were used for grain storage, and bread was baked in domed ovens. Characteristic of the so-called Hassuna period (c. 5750–c. 5350 bc) was a large, oval dish with a corrugated or pitted inner surface that was probably used as a husking tray. Husking-tray fragments...
  • Ḥassūna-Sāmarrāʿ Period (archaeology)
    ...“Sāmarrāʾ ware,” which seems to have been brought in or made by craftsmen who originally migrated from what is now Iran. These levels, occupied during the so-called Hassuna-Sāmarrāʾ period (c. 5350–c. 5050 bc), are identified with a culture restricted to the area of the middle Tigris and Euphrates rivers....
  • Ḥassūnah, ʿAbd al-Khāliq (Egyptian diplomat)
    Egyptian diplomat who was secretary-general of the Arab League (1952–72) and a skillful mediator, particularly during the international crisis that ensued after Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956 and during the difficulties surrounding the independence of Kuwait in 1961....
  • Ḥassūnah, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Khāliq (Egyptian diplomat)
    Egyptian diplomat who was secretary-general of the Arab League (1952–72) and a skillful mediator, particularly during the international crisis that ensued after Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956 and during the difficulties surrounding the independence of Kuwait in 1961....
  • hasta (weapon)
    ...the close of the 2nd century bc, the Romans found the Greek-style phalanx suitable for fighting in the plains of Latium. The basic weapon for this formation was a thrusting spear called the hasta; from this the heavy infantry derived its name, hastati, retaining it even after Rome abandoned the phalanx for the more flexible legion....
  • Hastināpura (archaeological site, India)
    ...of present-day Delhi. The Kuru-Pancala, still dominant in the Ganges–Yamuna Doab area, were extending their control southward and eastward; the Kuru capital had reportedly been moved from Hastinapura to Kaushambi when the former was devastated by a great flood, which excavations show to have occurred about the 9th century bce. The Mallas lived in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Avan...
  • Hastings (district, England, United Kingdom)
    borough (district), administrative county of East Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. The old port of Hastings, premier among the medieval Cinque Ports, has developed in modern times as a seaside resort. Prehistoric earthworks and the ruins of a medieval castle crown Castle Hill, which is situated on the sandstone cliffs overlooking ...
  • Hastings (New Zealand)
    city (“district”), eastern North Island, New Zealand. It lies on the Heretaunga Plains, near Hawke Bay. The area’s first European settlers arrived in 1864 to take up land leased from the local Maoris. The settlement was linked to the island’s rail system by 1873 and was named after Warren Hastings (first governor-general of British India); it was decl...
  • Hastings (Minnesota, United States)
    city, seat (1857) of Dakota county, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies on the Mississippi River where it is joined by the St. Croix River, about 20 miles (30 km) southeast of St. Paul. Part of the city extends across the Mississippi into Washington county. Sioux Indians were early inhabitants of the ar...
  • Hastings (Nebraska, United States)
    city, seat (1878) of Adams county, south-central Nebraska, U.S. The city lies along the West Fork Big Blue River, about 100 miles (160 km) west of Lincoln. Pawnee were living in the area when it was visited by explorers John C. Frémont and Kit Carson in 1842. Founded in 1872 at the junction of the Burlington and Missouri River and the St. Joseph and Denver City railroads,...
  • Hastings (England, United Kingdom)
    ...confederation of English Channel ports in southeastern England, formed to furnish ships and men for the king’s service. To the original five ports—Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, New Romney, and Hastings—were later added the “ancient towns” of Winchelsea and Rye with the privileges of “head ports.” More than 30 other towns in the counties of Kent and Sus...
  • Hastings, Battle of
    (Oct. 14, 1066), battle that ended in the defeat of Harold II of England by William, duke of Normandy, and established the Normans as the rulers of England....
  • Hastings, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st marquess of, 2nd earl of Moira (British colonial administrator)
    British soldier and colonial administrator; as governor-general of Bengal he conquered the Maratha states and greatly strengthened British rule in India....
  • Hastings, Frank Abney (British naval officer)
    British naval officer who fought in the War of Greek Independence and was the first commander to use a ship with auxiliary steam power in naval action....
  • Hastings, James (Scottish clergyman)
    ...(1819–93), a Swiss-born American church historian, prepared the abridged English edition (1882–84) from which The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge stems. James Hastings, a Scottish clergyman, was responsible for no fewer than four encyclopaedic works in this field: A Dictionary of the Bible (1898–1904); A Dictionary of Christ and the......
  • Hastings, Lady Flora (British aristocrat)
    Victoria’s constitutionally dangerous political partisanship contributed to the first two crises of her reign, both of which broke in 1839. The Hastings affair began when Lady Flora Hastings, a maid of honour who was allied and connected to the Tories, was forced by Victoria to undergo a medical examination for suspected pregnancy. The gossip, when it was discovered that the queen had been....
  • Hastings magnifier
    More-complex magnifiers, such as the Steinheil or Hastings forms, use three or more elements to achieve better correction for chromatic aberrations and distortion. In general, a better approach is the use of aspheric surfaces and fewer elements....
  • Hastings, Warren (British colonial administrator)
    the first and most famous of the British governors-general of India, who dominated Indian affairs from 1772 to 1785 and was impeached (though acquitted) on his return to England....
  • Hastings, William Hastings, Baron (English soldier and diplomat)
    English soldier and diplomat, a supporter of King Edward IV and the Yorkists against the Lancastrians in the Wars of the Roses....
  • hastingsite (mineral)
    ...occurs in various plutonic igneous rocks, including diorites, quartz diorites, and granodiorites. It also occurs as phenocrysts in andesite lavas that contained enough water for amphiboles to form. Hastingsite is found in granites and alkali-rich intrusives such as syenites. The alkali amphiboles riebeckite and arfvedsonite are found most commonly in granites, syenites, nepheline syenites, and....
  • Hastividyarama (handbook)
    ...are skilled people who remain in direct contact with the animals for many years. The handlers take care of all the elephants’ needs, and the bond between man and beast becomes very strong. Hastividyarama, an age-old handbook for elephant tamers, spells out prescribed training procedures in detail and is still used today in some parts of Asia. Commanded by its mahout, the......
  • Hasty Pudding (work by Barlow)
    ...as infinitely detailed descriptions of the protagonist’s activities. Thus, they provide much scope for display of the author’s ingenuity and inventiveness. An American mock-epic, Joel Barlow’s The Hasty Pudding (written 1793), celebrates in three 400-line cantos his favourite New England dish, cornmeal mush....
  • Haswell, Susanna (American author and actress)
    English-born American actress, educator, and author of the first American best-seller, Charlotte Temple....
  • HASYLAB (physics laboratory, Hamburg, Germany)
    ...in its third version as DORIS III, this machine is no longer used as a collider; its electron beam serves as a source of synchrotron radiation (mainly at X-ray and ultraviolet wavelengths) for the Hamburg Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (HASYLAB). HASYLAB is a national user research facility administered within DESY that invites scientists to explore the applications of synchrotron-radiation.....
  • hat
    any of various styles of head covering. Hats may serve protective functions but often signify the wearer’s sensibility to fashion or serve ceremonial functions, as when symbolizing the office or rank of the wearer....
  • hat a dao (music)
    Music as entertainment is mostly a vocal art played without ritual outside the court and still enjoyed by many people. The hat a dao found in the north is the oldest form. It is a woman’s art song with different instrumental accompaniments, dances, a varied repertoire, and a long history of evolution....
  • Hat Act (British law)
    (1732), in U.S. colonial history, British law restricting colonial manufacture and export of hats in direct competition with English hatmakers. Part of the mercantile system that subordinated the colonies economically, the Hat Act forbade exportation of hats from the colonies, limited apprenticeships, and, to preclude competition from cheap labour, forbade the hiring of blacks in the trade. As a r...
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