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  • Iha, James (American musician)
    In addition to Corgan, the band’s founding members were guitarist James Iha (original name James Yoshinobu Iha; b. March 26, 1968Chicago), bassist D’Arcy (original name D’Arcy Elizabeth Wretzky; b. May 1,......
  • Iha, James Yoshinobu (American musician)
    In addition to Corgan, the band’s founding members were guitarist James Iha (original name James Yoshinobu Iha; b. March 26, 1968Chicago), bassist D’Arcy (original name D’Arcy Elizabeth Wretzky; b. May 1,......
  • Ihara Saikaku (Japanese author)
    poet and novelist, one of the most brilliant figures of the 17th-century revival of Japanese literature. He enchanted readers with racy accounts of the amorous and financial affairs of the merchant class and the demimonde....
  • Iharos, Sandor (Hungarian athlete)
    Hungarian middle-distance runner who during 14 months in 1955-56 set world records for seven distances (b. March 10, 1930--d. Jan. 24, 1996)....
  • Ihering, Rudolf von (German scholar)
    German legal scholar, sometimes called the father of sociological jurisprudence. He developed a philosophy of social utilitarianism that, in emphasizing the needs of society, differed from the individualist approach of the English utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham....
  • Ihetu, Richard (Nigerian boxer)
    Nigerian professional boxer, world middleweight (160 pounds) and light heavyweight (175 pounds) champion during the 1960s....
  • Ihimaera, Witi (New Zealander author)
    Maori author whose novels and short stories explore the clash between Maori and Pakeha (white, European-derived) cultural values in his native New Zealand....
  • Ihlenfeld, Christa (German author)
    German novelist, essayist, and screenwriter most often associated with East Germany....
  • Ihnen, Wiard (American art director)
    ...Joseph LaShelle for LauraCinematography, Color: Leon Shamroy for WilsonArt Direction, Black-and-White: William Ferrari and Cedric Gibbons for GaslightArt Direction, Color: Wiard Ihnen for WilsonMusic Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture: Max Steiner for Since You Went AwayScoring of a Musical Picture: Carmen Dragon,......
  • ihram (Islam)
    sacred state into which a Muslim must enter in order to perform the hajj (major pilgrimage) or the ʿumrah (minor pilgrimage). At the beginning of a pilgrimage, the Muslim stops at a designated station to perform certain ritual cleansing ceremonies; each male shaves his head, cuts his nails, and trims his beard before donning a white, seamless, two-piece garment. Women also wear whit...
  • iḥrām (Islam)
    sacred state into which a Muslim must enter in order to perform the hajj (major pilgrimage) or the ʿumrah (minor pilgrimage). At the beginning of a pilgrimage, the Muslim stops at a designated station to perform certain ritual cleansing ceremonies; each male shaves his head, cuts his nails, and trims his beard before donning a white, seamless, two-piece garment. Women also wear whit...
  • “IHT, The” (newspaper)
    daily newspaper published in Paris, France, that has long been the staple source of English-language news for American expatriates, tourists, and businesspeople in Europe. It is considered the first “global” newspaper. The IHT’s roots are in the Paris Herald, which was established in 1887 by James Gordon Bennett, Jr., who had in...
  • Ihud (political organization, Israel)
    Magnes also founded Iḥud (Unity), an association dedicated to the advancement of Arab–Jewish reconciliation, and advocated an Arab–Jewish state that would be part of an Arab Federation. He worked in Iḥud with the renowned religious philosopher Martin Buber....
  • Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn (work by al-Ghazālī)
    Al-Ghazālī’s greatest work is Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn. In 40 “books” he explained the doctrines and practices of Islām and showed how these can be made the basis of a profound devotional life, leading to the higher stages of Ṣūfism, or mysticism. The relation of mystical experience to other forms of...
  • “II Clement” (work by Clement I)
    ...writings that at various times were attributed to Clement, bishop of Rome near the end of the 1st century (see also Clement, First Letter of). The writings include (1) the so-called Second Letter of Clement (II Clement), which is not a letter but a sermon, probably written in Rome about 140; (2) two letters on virginity, perhaps the work of Athanasius (d.......
  • II Esdras (apocryphal work)
    apocryphal work printed in the Vulgate and many later Roman Catholic bibles as an appendix to the New Testament. The central portion of the work (chapters 3–14), consisting of seven visions revealed to the seer Salathiel-Ezra, was written in Aramaic by an unknown Jew around ad 100. In the mid-2nd century ad, a Christian author added an introductory portion (chapt...
  • Ii Naosuke (Japanese feudal lord)
    Japanese feudal lord and statesman who was responsible for Japan’s signing the first treaty of commerce with the United States (1858), opening the country to Western influence, and for the last attempt at reasserting the traditional political role of the Tokugawa (the dynasty of Japan’s military rulers) before its fall in 1867....
  • II Olympiad, Games of the (1900)
    The second modern Olympic competition was relegated to a sideshow of the World Exhibition, which was being held in Paris in the summer of 1900. Pierre, baron de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympics and president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), lost control of his hometown Games to the French government. The Games suffered from poor organization and marketing, with events......
  • II Olympic Winter Games (1928)
    The second Winter Olympics, held at a ski resort, were marred by bad weather. The culprit was the foehn, a strong wind that carried with it warm air, causing temperatures to soar above 75 °F (24 °C) some afternoons. Numerous events were rescheduled, and one contest—the 10,000-metre speed skating event—was canceled, though some books list American Irving Jaffee, who held...
  • IIA
    Polish-born American merchant and agricultural reformer whose activities led to the founding (1905) of the International Institute of Agriculture as a world clearinghouse for data on crops, prices, and trade to protect the common interests of farmers of all nations....
  • IIAS
    Until World War II there was relatively little exchange among nations of ideas about public administration. As early as 1910, however, a professional organization, which eventually became the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS), had been established. At first its membership consisted principally of scholars and practitioners of administrative law in the countries of......
  • IIB (international organization)
    international library organization that was founded in 1895 as the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB) to promote a unified and centralized approach to bibliographic classification. The IIB was founded by two Belgian lawyers, Paul Otlet and Henri Lafontaine. In 1905 the IIB published the Universal Decimal Classification, a classificatory system for p...
  • IIHF (sports organization)
    For much of the 20th century, amateur athletes dominated international competition. League competition among amateurs in England began in 1903. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) was formed in Europe in 1908. Its five original members were Great Britain, Bohemia, Switzerland, France, and Belgium. The first European championship was held at Avants, Switzerland, in 1910, with Great......
  • III Olympiad, Games of the (1904)
    Like the 1900 Olympics in Paris, the 1904 Games took a secondary role. The Games originally were scheduled for Chicago, but the location was changed to St. Louis when Olympic organizing committee officials decided to combine the Olympics with the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition, a large fair celebrating the 100th anniversary of the U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana Territory. As a result, the......
  • III Olympic Winter Games (1932)
    The worldwide economic depression cast a shadow over the third Winter Olympics. Only 17 countries attended, represented by some 250 athletes, over half of whom were from Canada and the United States. The Games generated little revenue, and organizers, who had built a new stadium and bobsled run, suffered huge financial losses....
  • III-V compound (chemical compound)
    ...variations on this basic compound, such as aluminum gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium indium phosphide. These compounds are members of the so-called III-V group of semiconductors—that is, compounds made of elements listed in columns III and V of the periodic table. By varying the precise composition of the semiconductor, the wavelength (and therefore the colour) of the emitted light.....
  • Iijima Sumio (Japanese scientist)
    In 1991 Iijima Sumio of NEC Corporation’s Fundamental Research Laboratory, Tsukuba Science City, Japan, investigated material extracted from solids that grew on the tips of carbon electrodes after being discharged under C60 formation conditions. Iijima found that the solids consisted of tiny tubes made up of numerous concentric “graphene” cylinders, each cylinder wa...
  • Iio Sōgi (Japanese poet)
    Buddhist monk and greatest master of renga (linked verse), the supreme Japanese poet of his age....
  • IIR (chemical compound)
    Butyl rubber is a copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene that was first produced by William Sparks and Robert Thomas at the Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) (now Exxon Corporation) in 1937. Earlier attempts to produce synthetic rubbers had involved the polymerization of dienes such as isoprene and butadiene, but Sparks and Thomas defied convention by using other starting materials. They......
  • IIR channel (biology)
    A final type of potassium channel is the anomalous, or inward, rectifier channel (IIR). This channel closes with depolarization and opens with hyperpolarization. By allowing an unusual inward diffusion of K+, the IIR channel prolongs depolarization of the neuron and helps produce long-lasting nerve impulses....
  • Iitsu (Japanese artist)
    Japanese master artist and printmaker of the ukiyo-e (“pictures of the floating world”) school. His early works represent the full spectrum of ukiyo-e art, including single-sheet prints of landscapes and actors, hand paintings, and surimono (“printed things”), such as greetings and announcements. Later he concentrated on the classical themes of...
  • iiwi (bird)
    (species Vestiaria coccinea), Hawaiian songbird, one of the commoner members of the Hawaiian honeycreeper family, Drepanididae, order Passeriformes. A nectar-feeder, named for its squeaky call (“ee-ee-vee”), it is 15 cm (6 inches) long, with a red body, black wings with small white patches, black tail, and sickle-shaped red bill. ...
  • Iizuka (Japan)
    city, Fukuoka ken (prefecture), Kyushu, Japan, on the upper Onga River. The city developed as a mining centre with the opening of the Chikuhō Coalfield and a railway from Wakamatsu in the 1890s. The mines were gradually closed after World War II, and Iizuka is now a commercial centre and railway hub. Pop. (2005) 133,357....
  • Ijaw (people)
    people of the forests of the Niger River delta in Nigeria comprising a large number of formerly autonomous groups. They speak languages of the Ijoid branch of the Niger-Congo language family....
  • Ijaw languages
    the smallest branch of the Niger-Congo language family. It consists of a language cluster, Ijo (Ijaw), comprising seven other language clusters with a total of approximately two million speakers, and Defaka (Afakani), a solitary language spoken by very few. All these languages are found in the relatively narrow coastal Niger River delta region of Nigeria. The Ijo language cluster includes the......
  • iʿjāz al-Qurʾān (Islam)
    ...and Islamic scholarship, which regarded the language of the Qurʾān as its inimitable yardstick; from this belief developed the later critical doctrine of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān (the “inimitability of the Qurʾān”), which resulted in a written (literary) language that has undergone remarkably lit...
  • Ijebu-Ode (Nigeria)
    town, Ogun state, southwestern Nigeria. It is situated along the highway between Shagamu and Benin City. Ijebu-Ode was by the 16th century established as the chief town of the Ijebu people (a subdivision of the Yoruba). As the seat of the awujale, the Ijebu political and spiritual ruler, it served as the capital of the Ijebu kingdom, which for several centuries dominated ...
  • ijele (African mask)
    Most impressive are the ijele masks of the Northern Igbo, which are 12 feet (366 cm) high. Consisting of platforms 6 feet (183 cm) in diameter, supporting tiers of figures made of coloured cloth and representing everyday scenes, they honour the dead to ensure the continuity and well-being of the community....
  • IJI (political party, Pakistan)
    ...from a number of lesser parties. Bhutto’s party did well in Sind and the North-West Frontier Province, where it was able to form the provincial governments. However, the Punjab was won by the Islamic Democratic Alliance (Islami Jamhoori Itihad [IJI]), led by Nawaz Sharif, a Punjabi businessman, who became the province’s chief minister....
  • Ijill (Mauritania)
    mining village, north-central Mauritania, western Africa, just west of Zouîrât. It is important as the base for the exploitation of extensive iron-ore deposits in the nearby Mount Ijill. The iron ore is exported through the Atlantic port of Nouadhibou, via a 419-mile (674-kilometre) railway. There are salt works near Fdérik. Pop. (1977) 2,200....
  • Ijill, Mount (inselberg, Mauritania)
    ...sloping plains that terminate at one end of the slope with a steep cliff or faulted scarp, which may reach heights of 900 feet; or by inselbergs (steep-sided residual hills), of which the highest is Mount Ijill at 3,002 feet (915 metres), an enormous block of hematite....
  • ijmāʿ (Islam)
    (Arabic: “agreeing upon,” or “consensus”), the universal and infallible agreement of the Muslim community, especially of Muslim scholars on any Islāmic principle, at any time. The consensus—based on the Ḥadīth (sayings of Muḥammad), “My people will never agree in an error”—constitutes the third of the four sources...
  • IJmuiden (The Netherlands)
    port of Amsterdam and part of the gemeente (municipality) of Velsen, western Netherlands. The port is situated at the western end of the North Sea (Noordzee) Canal, which was opened in 1876. IJmuiden is also an industrial centre with fertilizer and cement factories, and it is an important fishing port with a government fish market. Three huge locks at IJmuiden link the canal to the North S...
  • Ijo (people)
    people of the forests of the Niger River delta in Nigeria comprising a large number of formerly autonomous groups. They speak languages of the Ijoid branch of the Niger-Congo language family....
  • Ijo languages
    the smallest branch of the Niger-Congo language family. It consists of a language cluster, Ijo (Ijaw), comprising seven other language clusters with a total of approximately two million speakers, and Defaka (Afakani), a solitary language spoken by very few. All these languages are found in the relatively narrow coastal Niger River delta region of Nigeria. The Ijo language cluster includes the......
  • Ijoid languages
    the smallest branch of the Niger-Congo language family. It consists of a language cluster, Ijo (Ijaw), comprising seven other language clusters with a total of approximately two million speakers, and Defaka (Afakani), a solitary language spoken by very few. All these languages are found in the relatively narrow coastal Niger River delta region of Nige...
  • ijolite (rock)
    intrusive igneous rock that is composed essentially of nepheline and an alkali pyroxene, usually aegirine-augite. It is the plutonic equivalent of the volcanic nephelinites. Typically, the pyroxene is well-crystallized and is surrounded by the nepheline. Accessory minerals include garnet, titanite, perovskite, apatite, cancrinite, and calcite....
  • IJssel, Lake (lake, The Netherlands)
    shallow freshwater lake, northern and central Netherlands. It was formed from the southern part of the former Zuiderzee by the building of a dam (Afsluitdijk; completed 1932) separating the IJsselmeer from both the Waddenzee (the northern part of the former Zuiderzee) and the North Sea....
  • IJssel River (river, The Netherlands)
    river of The Netherlands, an important distributary of the Rhine River. It leaves the Lower Rhine (Neder Rijn) just southeast of Arnhem and flows northeastward for 70 miles (113 km) to enter the IJsselmeer (a lake formed from the old Zuiderzee) between the Northeast (Noordoost) and East Flevoland polders. The river is navigable and slow-moving and deposits much silt. Zutphen, Deventer, and Zwolle...
  • IJsselmeer (lake, The Netherlands)
    shallow freshwater lake, northern and central Netherlands. It was formed from the southern part of the former Zuiderzee by the building of a dam (Afsluitdijk; completed 1932) separating the IJsselmeer from both the Waddenzee (the northern part of the former Zuiderzee) and the North Sea....
  • IJsselmeer Dam (dam, The Netherlands)
    shallow freshwater lake, northern and central Netherlands. It was formed from the southern part of the former Zuiderzee by the building of a dam (Afsluitdijk; completed 1932) separating the IJsselmeer from both the Waddenzee (the northern part of the former Zuiderzee) and the North Sea....
  • IJsselmeer Polders (region, The Netherlands)
    group of four polders, central Netherlands, that were reclaimed from the IJsselmeer, a lake that used to be part of the former Zuiderzee. The polders are located in the lake’s southern part and along its eastern shore (except for Wieringermeer in the northwest)....
  • IJsselmeerpolders (region, The Netherlands)
    group of four polders, central Netherlands, that were reclaimed from the IJsselmeer, a lake that used to be part of the former Zuiderzee. The polders are located in the lake’s southern part and along its eastern shore (except for Wieringermeer in the northwest)....
  • ijtihād (Islamic law)
    in Islāmic law, the independent or original interpretation of problems not precisely covered by the Qurʾān, Ḥadīth (traditions concerning the Prophet’s life and utterances), and ijmāʿ (scholarly consensus). In the early Muslim community every adequately qualified jurist had the right to exercise such original thinking, mainly ...
  • Ijuí River (river, South America)
    ...are the Aguapey, Miriñay, Mocoretá (which divides Entre Ríos and Corrientes), and Gualeguaychú. The important tributaries of the Uruguay, however, come from the east. The Ijuí, Ibicuí, and the Cuareim are short rivers but of considerable volume; the last forms part of the boundary between Brazil and Uruguay. At the mouth of the Cuareim, the Uruguay......
  • Ijzer River (river, Europe)
    a small stream (48 mi [77 km] long), rising on the north flanks of the sandstone hills of Monts Cassell and de Récollets in northern France and flowing in an arc through West Flanders province, western Belgium, into the North Sea below Nieuwpoort. Its estuary seems to have extended as far inland as Loo (Lo) until the 10th century, but gradual land reclamation has since reduced it to a narro...
  • Ika (people)
    ...the climax of the performance. Among the Nupe of Nigeria ribald songs and joking insults between the sexes have replaced performances allowing for sexual license at harvest festivals. The dances of Ika men and girls (western Igbo, Nigeria) have become openly erotic since the early 1960s, when a master dancer brought the sexes together in a single dance team to entertain visitors to the palace.....
  • ikakeji (Japanese art)
    ...A sieve is used to separate the fine grains from the coarse. During the Heian period (794–1185), uneven grains of gold produced by filing solid gold were used; this technique was called ikakeji. ...
  • Ikare (Nigeria)
    town, Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies in the Yoruba Hills, at the intersection of roads from Owo, Okene, Kabba, and Ado-Ekiti. An agricultural trade centre (yams, cassava, corn [maize], okra, pumpkins, rice) for the local Yoruba people, it is also a collecting point for cocoa, palm produce, tobacco, and cotton (which is sent to the textile mill at Ado-Ekiti, 37 miles [...
  • Ikaría (island, Greece)
    ...groups, from north to south: (1) the Thracian Sea group, including Thásos, Samothrace (Samothráki), and Lemnos; (2) the east Aegean group, including Lesbos (Lésvos), Chios, Ikaría, and Sámos; (3) the Northern Sporades, including Skyros, a group lying off Thessaly; (4) the Cyclades, including Melos, Páros, Náxos, Thera, and Ándros......
  • Ikaros (island, Kuwait)
    island of Kuwait, lying in the Persian Gulf near the entrance to Kuwait Bay; it has an area of 15 square miles (39 square km). Inhabited since prehistoric times, it is important archaeologically, remains of human habitation from as early as 2500 bc having been found there. A museum has been built near the ruins of a Greek temple. Most of the people live in the village of az-Zawr, on ...
  • Ikarugadera (temple, Ikaruga, Japan)
    Japanese Buddhist temple complex in the town of Ikaruga, northwestern Nara ken (prefecture), west-central Honshu, Japan. One of the Seven Great Temples of Nara, the Hōryū is also the centre of the Shōtoku sect of Buddhism. The temple was one of some 48 Buddhist monuments in the area that were co...
  • ikat (Indonesian weaving)
    The art of weaving is highly developed. It includes the famous ikat method, in which the thread is dyed selectively before weaving by binding fibres around groups of threads so that they will not take up colour when the thread is dipped in the dyebath. This process may be applied to the warp (foundation threads running lengthwise), which is most common and is found in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and......
  • IKB (designer colour)
    ...spiritual; red, which he called “monopink” and equated with materiality, flesh-and-blood; and ultramarine blue, which represented space—but blue dominated, and in 1960 he patented International Klein Blue, called IKB. In 1958, as part of a live performance, Klein choreographed female models who applied his paint to their bodies and then pressed their painted bodies on canva...
  • Ikbāl, Muḥammad (Indian poet and philosopher)
    Indian poet and philosopher, known for his influential efforts to direct his fellow Muslims toward the establishment of a separate Muslim state, an aspiration that was eventually realized in the country of Pakistan. He was knighted in 1922....
  • IK(Ca) channel (biology)
    Another type of potassium channel, the IK(Ca) channel, is activated by high concentrations of intracellular Ca2+. The opening of these channels results in hyperpolarization of the membrane, so that they appear to slow the repetitive firing of nerve impulses....
  • Ike, Hurricane (storm)
    ...by a wide boulevard overlooked by hotels. The wall broke the force of a powerful hurricane in September 1961 and reduced flood damage. The seawall held back the worst of the storm surge when Hurricane Ike made landfall on September 13, 2008, but it failed to prevent large-scale flooding and widespread damage to homes and businesses....
  • Ike Taiga (Japanese painter)
    painter of the mid-Tokugawa period (1603–1867) who, together with Yosa Buson, established the bunjin-ga, or literati, style of painting, which survives to this day in Japan. (The style had originated in China and was first called Nan-ga, or the Southern School, of Chinese art; it was closely related to scholarship and literature.)...
  • IKEA Group (Swedish company)
    ...Mårten Medbo, and Frida Fjellman have won international acclaim. Moreover, Sweden has been a world leader in industrial design, blending sound ergonomics, aesthetics, and high functionality. IKEA, perhaps Sweden’s best-known company, disseminates design in a thoroughly “Swedish” way all over the world....
  • ikebana (Japanese floral art)
    traditionally, the classical art of Japanese flower arranging; the meaning of the term was later extended to encompass all the various styles of Japanese floral art. Ikebana was introduced in Japan in the 6th century by Chinese Buddhist missionaries who had formalized the ritual of offering flowers to the Buddha. The first school of flower arranging in Japan, Ikenob...
  • Ikebono (school of floral art)
    ...introduced in Japan in the 6th century by Chinese Buddhist missionaries who had formalized the ritual of offering flowers to the Buddha. The first school of flower arranging in Japan, Ikenobō (q.v.), was founded by Ono no Imoko in the early 7th century. Based on a harmony of simple linear construction and an appreciation of the subtle beauty of flowers and natural material, ikeban...
  • Ikebukuro (district, Tokyo, Japan)
    ...than through any other station in Japan and, quite possibly, in the world. Second—and perhaps catching up because of its popularity among teenagers—is Shibuya, to the south; and third is Ikebukuro, to the north. All three lie along the western arc of the Yamanote Line, the railway that circles much of the main part of the city. They bespeak the general tendency of the city to move...
  • Ikeda (Japan)
    city, Ōsaka fu (urban prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the Fukuchiyama Line (railway), northwest of Ōsaka. Settled in prehistoric times, Ikeda was a flourishing trade centre during the Tokugawa era (1603–1867). After the development of railway transport in the late 19th century, it served as a residential suburb of Ōsaka. The city’...
  • Ikeda Hayato (prime minister of Japan)
    prime minister of Japan from July 1960 until October 1964, who was instrumental in Japan’s phenomenal economic growth in the years after World War II....
  • Ikeja (Nigeria)
    town and capital of Lagos state, 10.5 miles (17 km) northwest of Lagos, southwestern Nigeria. Originally settled by the Yoruba people, the locality was raided for slaves until the mid-19th century. Early in the 20th century it became an agricultural hinterland for Lagos; kola nuts were first grown in Nigeria in this area. The opening of the Lagos-Ibadan railway in 1901 and the g...
  • Ikele ve (language)
    according to some linguists, a creole language of Central Africa that evolved out of the contact between Kikongo-Kimanyanga and other Bantu languages in western Democratic Republic of the Congo and southern Republic of the Congo. Kimanyanga is the Kikongo dialect of Manyanga, which was a centre for precolonial trade routes that extended from...
  • ikenga (African art)
    ...toward individual distinction, and men can move upward through successive grades by demonstrating their achievements and their generosity. One of the traditional representations of this was the ikenga, that part of oneself enabling personal achievement, with cult figures representing the attributes of distinction....
  • Ikeno Taiga (Japanese painter)
    painter of the mid-Tokugawa period (1603–1867) who, together with Yosa Buson, established the bunjin-ga, or literati, style of painting, which survives to this day in Japan. (The style had originated in China and was first called Nan-ga, or the Southern School, of Chinese art; it was closely related to scholarship and literature.)...
  • Ikenobō (Japanese floral art school)
    oldest school of floral art in Japan; the term Ikenobō later came to be used loosely to describe any classical Japanese flower arrangement. The Ikenobō (literally, “priest’s residence by a pond”) school was founded in the early 7th century by Ono no Imoko, a former Japanese envoy to China. After becoming a Buddhist priest, Ono no Imoko took up...
  • Ikere (Nigeria)
    town, Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria, on the road from Akure to Ado-Ekiti. A major collecting point for cocoa, it also serves as an agricultural trade centre (yams, cassava [yuca], rice, corn [maize], palm oil and kernels, okra, pumpkins) for the Ekiti branch of the Yoruba people. Ikere-Ekiti has government and Christian teacher-training colleges; there is also a hospital. The...
  • Ikere-Ekiti (Nigeria)
    town, Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria, on the road from Akure to Ado-Ekiti. A major collecting point for cocoa, it also serves as an agricultural trade centre (yams, cassava [yuca], rice, corn [maize], palm oil and kernels, okra, pumpkins) for the Ekiti branch of the Yoruba people. Ikere-Ekiti has government and Christian teacher-training colleges; there is also a hospital. The...
  • Ikerre (Nigeria)
    town, Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria, on the road from Akure to Ado-Ekiti. A major collecting point for cocoa, it also serves as an agricultural trade centre (yams, cassava [yuca], rice, corn [maize], palm oil and kernels, okra, pumpkins) for the Ekiti branch of the Yoruba people. Ikere-Ekiti has government and Christian teacher-training colleges; there is also a hospital. The...
  • Ikeuchi, Yoshihiro (Japanese director)
    Japanese film director (b. May 15, 1933, Kyoto, Japan--d. Dec. 20, 1997, Tokyo, Japan), created satiric comedies that challenged authority and satirized social conventions and that gained him renown as one of Japan’s greatest film directors. After a successful 20-year career as an actor, Itami directed (1984) his first film, Ososhiki (The Funeral), a black comedy about a famil...
  • Ikeya Kaoru (Japanese amateur astronomer)
    ...is one of a group of Sun-grazing comets having similar orbits and including the great comet known as 1882 II. Comet Ikeya-Seki was discovered Sept. 18, 1965, by two Japanese amateur astronomers, Ikeya Kaoru and Seki Tsutomu. Moving in a retrograde orbit, the comet made its closest approach to the Sun on Oct. 21, 1965, at a distance less than a solar radius from the surface. The comet was......
  • Ikeya-Seki, Comet (astronomy)
    long-period comet that is one of a group of Sun-grazing comets having similar orbits and including the great comet known as 1882 II. Comet Ikeya-Seki was discovered Sept. 18, 1965, by two Japanese amateur astronomers, Ikeya Kaoru and Seki Tsutomu. Moving in a retrograde orbit, the comet made its closest approach to the Sun on Oct. 21, 1965, at a distance less than a solar radius from the surface. ...
  • Ikhnaton (king of Egypt)
    king of Egypt (1353–36 bc) of the 18th dynasty, who established a new monotheistic cult of Aton (hence his assumed name, Akhenaton, meaning “One Useful to Aton”)....
  • Ikhshīdids Dynasty (Muslim Turkish dynasty)
    Muslim Turkish dynasty from Fergana in Central Asia that ruled Egypt and Syria from 935 to 969. The founder, Muḥammad ibn Ṭughj, appointed governor of Egypt in 935, two years later obtained the title ikhshīd (Persian: “prince, ruler”) from the ʿAbbāsid caliph ar-Rāḍī; he then secured his position in Egypt and Syria again...
  • ikhtilāf (Islamic concept)
    (Arabic: “disagreement”), in Islām, differences of opinion on religious matters. Such diversity is permissible as long as the basic principles of Islām are not affected. Ikhtilāf is thus the opposite of ijmāʿ (consensus). Ikhtilāf permits a Muslim to choose the interpretation of religious teachings that best suits his ow...
  • Ikhtiman Sredna Mountains (mountains, Bulgaria)
    The Sredna range has three parts. Westernmost is the Ikhtimanska (Ikhtiman) Sredna, 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Sofia. It is an irregular, forested, hilly region with a sparse population. Its eastern limit is the Topolnitsa River. From the Topolnitsa to the Stryama River, a distance of 42 miles (68 km), lie the Sŭshtinska, or Syštinska (“True”), Sredna Mountains,......
  • Ikhtimanska Sredna Mountains (mountains, Bulgaria)
    The Sredna range has three parts. Westernmost is the Ikhtimanska (Ikhtiman) Sredna, 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Sofia. It is an irregular, forested, hilly region with a sparse population. Its eastern limit is the Topolnitsa River. From the Topolnitsa to the Stryama River, a distance of 42 miles (68 km), lie the Sŭshtinska, or Syštinska (“True”), Sredna Mountains,......
  • Ikhwān (Saudi Arabian military-religious organization)
    (Arabic: Brethren), in Arabia, members of a religious and military brotherhood that figured prominently in the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under Ibn Saʿūd (1912–30); in modern Saudi Arabia they constitute the National Guard....
  • Ikhwān al-Muslimūn, al-
    religio-political organization founded in 1928 at Ismāʿīlīyāh, Egypt, by Ḥasan al-Bannāʾ. It advocated a return to the Qurʾān and the Ḥadīth as guidelines for a healthy, modern Islāmic society. The brotherhood spread rapidly throughout Egypt, the Sudan, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, and North...
  • Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafāʾ (Arab organization)
    (Arabic: Brethren of Purity), a secret Arab confraternity, founded at Basra, Iraq, that produced a philosophical and religious encyclopaedia, Rasāʾil ikhwān aṣ-ṣafāʾ wa khillān al-wafāʾ (“Epistles of the Brethren of Purity and Loyal Friends”), sometime in the second half of the 10th century ...
  • Iki (island, Japan)
    island, north-central Nagasaki ken (prefecture), western Kyushu, Japan. It lies in the Eastern Channel, about 10 miles (16 km) off the coast of Kyushu, and occupies 52 square miles (134 square km). Most of its area is tableland; cereals, oranges, and tobacco are the important crops. The fishing industry yields mackerel and cuttlefish. Anchorages are at G...
  • ikigami (Japanese religion)
    ...sparked by the view that human suffering could be cured only by those who had suffered similar hardships themselves; and in the late Tokugawa period there developed a belief in living gods (ikigami) who could respond to the various needs and desires of the common people and who became revered as founders (kyōso) of new religious sects. Among such sects were......
  • “Ikimono no kiroku” (work by Kurosawa Akira)
    Ikimono no kiroku (1955; Record of a Living Being) is a deeply honest film portraying a Japanese dentist’s terror of the atomic tests conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. Its pessimistic conclusion, however, made it a commercial failure....
  • Ikire (Nigeria)
    town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. The town lies along the road from Ibadan to Ile-Ife. A collecting point for local cash crops (cocoa, palm oil and kernels), it also serves as a trade centre for yams, corn (maize), cassava, palm produce, cotton, and kola nuts. Cotton weaving is a traditional industry of its Yoruba inhabitants. Pop. (1993 est.) 114,400....
  • Ikiru (film by Kurosawa)
    Ikiru (“To Live”) is regarded by many critics as one of the finest works in the history of the cinema. It concerns a petty governmental official who learns he has only half a year until he will die from cancer. He searches for solace in the affection of his family but is betrayed, then seeks enjoyment but becomes disillusioned, and, in the end, is redeemed......
  • Ikirun (Nigeria)
    town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies along the railroad from Lagos and at the intersection of roads from Oshogbo, Inisha (Inisa), Igbajo, and Ila (Illa). Mainly inhabited by Yoruba people, the town was raided for slaves in the 19th century by Fulani warriors from Ilorin (42 miles [68 km] north-northwest)....
  • Iklīl, Al- (encyclopaedia by al-Hamdānī)
    His encyclopaedia Al-Iklīl (“The Crown”; Eng. trans. of vol. 8 by N.A. Faris as The Antiquities of South Arabia) and his other writings are a major source of information on Arabia, providing a valuable anthology of South Arabian poetry as well as much genealogical, topographical, and historical information. Al-Dāmighah (“The...
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