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  • improvisation (music)
    in music, the extemporaneous composition or free performance of a musical passage, usually in a manner conforming to certain stylistic norms but unfettered by the prescriptive features of a specific musical text. Music originated as improvisation and is still extensively improvised in Eastern traditions and in the modern Western tradition of jazz....
  • Improvisations (painting series by Kandinsky)
    ...that of a dream landscape. In “Landscape with Steeple” (1909) similar tendencies are evident, together with the beginning of what might be called an explosion in the composition. By 1910 “Improvisation XIV” is already, as its somewhat musical title suggests, practically abstract; with the 1911 “Encircled,” there has definitely developed a kind of painti...
  • impulse (psychology)
    ...on early childhood experiences that tended to lead to criminality in later life, including poor parental child-rearing techniques, such as harsh or inconsistent discipline. Research also isolated impulsivity—the tendency to engage in high levels of activity, to be easily distracted, to act without thinking, and to seek immediate gratification—as a personality characteristic......
  • impulse (physics)
    This integral is known as the impulse imparted to the particle. In order to perform the integral, it is necessary to know r at all times so that F may be known at all times. More realistically, Δp is the sum of a series of small steps, such that...
  • impulse accelerator (device)
    Primarily for use in research on thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes, several high-intensity electron accelerators have been constructed. One type resembles a string of beads in which each bead is a torus of laminated iron and the string is the vacuum tube. The iron toruses constitute the cores of pulse transformers, and the beam of electrons in effect forms the secondary windings of all......
  • impulse blading (technology)
    Two types of blading have been developed to a high degree of perfection: impulse blading and reaction blading. The principle of impulse blading is illustrated in the schematic diagram of Figure 1 for a first stage. A series of stationary nozzles allows the steam to expand to a lower pressure while its velocity and kinetic energy increase. The steam is then directed to the moving passages or......
  • impulse staging (engineering)
    ...to permit efficient conversion of the thermal energy in the steam to mechanical energy. In modern turbines, three types of staging are employed, either separately or in combination: (1) pressure (or impulse) staging, (2) reaction staging, and (3) velocity-compound staging....
  • impulse turbine (technology)
    In an impulse turbine the potential energy, or the head of water, is first converted into kinetic energy by discharging water through a carefully shaped nozzle. The jet, discharged into air, is directed onto curved buckets fixed on the periphery of the runner to extract the water energy and convert it to useful work....
  • impulse-control disorder (psychology)
    ...coursing with many overlapping thoughts, emotions, impulses, and sensory stimuli. Attention can be defined as the ability to focus on one stimulus or task while resisting focus on the extraneous impulses; people with ADHD may have reduced ability to resist focus on these extraneous stimuli. The cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuit, a chain of neurons in the brain that connects the......
  • impulsivity (psychology)
    ...on early childhood experiences that tended to lead to criminality in later life, including poor parental child-rearing techniques, such as harsh or inconsistent discipline. Research also isolated impulsivity—the tendency to engage in high levels of activity, to be easily distracted, to act without thinking, and to seek immediate gratification—as a personality characteristic......
  • impurities, critical concentration of (physics)
    If a sufficient number of conduction electrons are added to a semiconductor through the introduction of impurities, the electrical properties become metallic. There is a critical concentration of impurities Nc, which depends on the type of impurity. For impurity concentrations less than the critical amount Nc, the conduction electrons become......
  • impurity defect (crystallography)
    ...ion, which is displaced from its normal lattice point and shifts to a nearby interstice, or space, between atoms in the lattice. In the Schottky defect, two ions of opposite sign leave the lattice. Impurity defects are foreign atoms that replace some of the atoms making up the solid or that squeeze into the interstices; they are important in the electrical behaviour of semiconductors, which are...
  • Imrahor, Mosque of (church, Istanbul, Turkey)
    ...made in the eastern Mediterranean area in the 5th century. The progress cannot be followed exactly because so much has been destroyed, but the earliest surviving church in Constantinople, that of St. John of Studium (Mosque of İmrahor), shows that this process had already gone quite far by the year it was built, 463. It is a basilica in that it has an eastern apse and three aisles, but.....
  • imram (Irish literary genre)
    in early Irish literature, a story about an adventurous voyage. This type of story includes tales of Irish saints traveling to Iceland or Greenland, as well as fabulous tales of pagan heroes journeying to the otherworld (echtrae). An outstanding example of an imram is Imram Brain, or The Voyage of Brân, which describes a trip to the enchanted Land of Women. After...
  • “Imram Brain” (Irish literature)
    ...traveling to Iceland or Greenland, as well as fabulous tales of pagan heroes journeying to the otherworld (echtrae). An outstanding example of an imram is Imram Brain, or The Voyage of Brân, which describes a trip to the enchanted Land of Women. After what seems to be a year, Brân and his colleagues return home to discover that their voyage had lasted.....
  • imramha (Irish literary genre)
    in early Irish literature, a story about an adventurous voyage. This type of story includes tales of Irish saints traveling to Iceland or Greenland, as well as fabulous tales of pagan heroes journeying to the otherworld (echtrae). An outstanding example of an imram is Imram Brain, or The Voyage of Brân, which describes a trip to the enchanted Land of Women. After...
  • Imre (king of Hungary)
    ...its crown lands, the dynasty gained control of Serbia and Galicia and made Hungary a large and formidable power in east-central Europe. After Béla’s death the monarchy suffered a decline. Emeric (Imre; reigned 1196–1204) and his brother Andrew II (Endre; reigned 1205–35), by making lavish land grants to their supporters, reduced the source of the monarchy’s we...
  • Imrédy, Béla (premier of Hungary)
    right-wing politician and premier of Hungary (1938–39), whose close collaboration with the Nazis during World War II led to his execution as a war criminal....
  • IMRO (Balkan revolutionary organization)
    secret revolutionary society that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to make Macedonia an autonomous state but that later became an agent serving Bulgarian interests in Balkan politics....
  • imroz Adasi (island, Turkey)
    island (adası) in the Aegean Sea, northwestern Turkey. Commanding the entrance to the Dardanelles, the island is strategically situated 10 miles (16 km) off the southern end of the Gallipoli Peninsula. Herodotus and Homer mentioned Imbros as an abode of the Pelasgians in antiquity. It fell to the Ottoman Turks after their conquest of Constantinop...
  • Imruʾ al-Qays (Lakhmid king)
    Al-Ḥīrah was similarly a Bedouin tribal kingdom, the kings of which are commonly designated the Lakhmids. According to tradition, the founder of the dynasty was ʿAmr, whose son Imruʾ al-Qays died in ad 328 and was entombed at Al-Nimārah in the Syrian desert. His funerary inscription is written in an extremely difficult type of script. Recently there...
  • Imruʾ al-Qays (Arab poet)
    Arab poet, acknowledged as the most distinguished poet of pre-Islamic times by the Prophet Muhammad, by ʿAlī, the fourth caliph, and by Arab critics of the ancient Basra school. He is author of one of the seven odes in the famed collection of pre-Islamic poetry Al-Muʿallaqāt....
  • Imruʾ al-Qays ibn ʾAmr (Lakhmid king)
    Al-Ḥīrah was similarly a Bedouin tribal kingdom, the kings of which are commonly designated the Lakhmids. According to tradition, the founder of the dynasty was ʿAmr, whose son Imruʾ al-Qays died in ad 328 and was entombed at Al-Nimārah in the Syrian desert. His funerary inscription is written in an extremely difficult type of script. Recently there...
  • Imruʾ al-Qays ibn Ḥujr (Arab poet)
    Arab poet, acknowledged as the most distinguished poet of pre-Islamic times by the Prophet Muhammad, by ʿAlī, the fourth caliph, and by Arab critics of the ancient Basra school. He is author of one of the seven odes in the famed collection of pre-Islamic poetry Al-Muʿallaqāt....
  • IMS (computing)
    ...disk) and to provide the user with commands to query and update the database. The relational approach is currently the most popular, as older hierarchical data management systems, such as IMS, the information management system produced by IBM, are being replaced by relational database management systems such as IBM’s large mainframe system DB2 or the Oracle Corporation’s DBMS, whi...
  • IMTS (telecommunications)
    In 1964 AT&T introduced a second generation of mobile telephony, known as improved mobile telephone service (IMTS). This provided full-duplex operation, automatic dialing, and automatic channel searching. Initially 11 channels were provided in the 152–158-megahertz band, but in 1969 an additional 12 channels were added in the 454–459-megahertz band. Since only 11 (or 12)......
  • imu (cooking method)
    ...(capes, robes, helmets, leis, kahilis) has not been excelled. Houses were of wood frames and thatched, with stone floors covered with mats. Food was cooked in holes in the ground, called imus, by means of hot stones; but many foods, including fish, were often eaten raw. Many of the best foods were taboo to women. Men usually wore only a malo, or girdle, and women a skirt......
  • IMW
    The International Geographical Congress in 1891 proposed that the participating countries collaborate in the production of a 1:1,000,000-scale map of the world. Specifications and format were soon established, but production was slow in the earlier years since it was first necessary to complete basic surveys for the required data, and during and after World War II there was little interest in......
  • imzhad (musical instrument)
    As with other lutes, fiddles may have only 1 string (the Tuareg imzhad) or as many as 40 (the sarangi); on the latter, sympathetic strings are not directly touched or sounded by the player but vibrate sympathetically when other strings are set into motion, thus giving a fuller resonance. Examples, in addition to the......
  • in (unit of measurement)
    unit of British Imperial and United States Customary measure equal to 136 of a yard. The unit derives from the Old English ince, or ynce, which in turn came from the Latin unit uncia, which was “one-twelfth” of a Roman foot, or pes. (The Lati...
  • In (chemical element)
    chemical element, rare metal of main Group 13 (IIIa, or boron group) of the periodic table. Of a brilliant, silvery-white lustre, indium was discovered (1863) by Ferdinand Reich and Theodor Richter while they were examining zinc ore samples. The presence of a predominant indigo spectral line suggested the name. Softer than lead and quite plastic, indium can be scratched with a fingernail and can u...
  • in (Japanese musical scale)
    ...The tunings used in the Edo koto traditions, however, reveal new, apparently indigenous, tonal systems. These concepts were eventually categorized under the two scales called yo and in, shown in notation XIII-A. The tunings in XIII-Band XIII-Creflect the new kinds of pentatonism of the period with their use of half steps. The hira-joshi tuning appears in such famous......
  • In a Green Night: Poems 1948–1960 (work by Walcott)
    Walcott is best known for his poetry, beginning with In a Green Night: Poems 1948–1960 (1962). This book is typical of his early poetry in its celebration of the Caribbean landscape’s natural beauty. The verse in Selected Poems (1964), The Castaway (1965), and The......
  • In a Mist (work by Beiderbecke)
    ...by novels and films such as Dorothy Baker’s Young Man with a Horn, a novel inspired by (but not based on) Beiderbecke’s life. His compositions include several short piano pieces, most notably “In a Mist,” written in an advanced, chromatic harmonic language that showed the influence of such French Impressionist composers as Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy....
  • In a Silent Way (album by Davis)
    ...1968), Davis began experimenting with electronic instruments. With other musicians, including keyboardists Chick Corea and Joe Zawinul and guitarist John McLaughlin, Davis cut In a Silent Way (1969), regarded as the seminal album of the jazz fusion movement. It was considered by purists to be Davis’s last true jazz album....
  • In Abraham’s Bosom (play by Green)
    Green studied playwriting under Frederick Henry Koch at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and began writing plays for the Carolina Playmakers in 1919. His best known play, In Abraham’s Bosom, concerned a man’s attempt to establish a school for his fellow blacks; it was produced at the Provincetown Playhouse, New York City, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 192...
  • In Apocalypsin (work by Tyconius)
    ...The Liber regularum (c. 382; The Book of Rules), his sole surviving work, is a handbook for interpreting Scripture, and In Apocalypsin (c. 385?) is a commentary on Revelation that applies the rules set out in the earlier handbook....
  • “In artem analyticam isagoge” (work by Viète)
    ...was a prominent representative of the humanist movement in mathematics that set itself the project of restoring and furthering the achievements of the Classical Greek geometers. In his In artem analyticem isagoge (1591; “Introduction to the Analytic Arts”), Viète, as part of his program of rediscovering the method of analysis used by the ancient Greek......
  • In artem analyticem isagoge (work by Viète)
    ...was a prominent representative of the humanist movement in mathematics that set itself the project of restoring and furthering the achievements of the Classical Greek geometers. In his In artem analyticem isagoge (1591; “Introduction to the Analytic Arts”), Viète, as part of his program of rediscovering the method of analysis used by the ancient Greek......
  • In Between the Sheets (short story by McEwan)
    ...the University of East Anglia (M.A., 1971). He earned notoriety for his first two short-story collections, First Love, Last Rites (1975; filmed 1997) and In Between the Sheets (1978), both of which feature a bizarre cast of grotesques in disturbing tales of sexual aberrance, black comedy, and macabre obsession. His first novel, ......
  • in bonis (Roman law)
    ...specified length of time had elapsed. The praetors, however, devised procedural methods of protecting B’s possession in such a way that A’s title became valueless, and B was said to own the thing in bonis. This was a remarkable triumph for informality in the granting of title. From the phrase in bonis, later writers coined the expression “bonitary ownership....
  • In calumniatorem Platonis (work by Bessarion)
    ...of scholars, and by his writing. He later donated his library to the Senate of Venice. Bessarion was made Latin patriarch of Constantinople in 1463. His most important work is considered to be In calumniatorem Platonis, a treatise defending Plato against the fervid Aristotelianism of George of Trebizond. His attempts to reconcile the two philosophies influenced Italian philosophy,......
  • In Celebration (play by Storey)
    Storey also established a reputation as a playwright. His first play, The Restoration of Arnold Middleton (performed 1966), won immediate recognition. In Celebration (performed 1969; filmed 1974), directed by Anderson, returned to a recurring Storey theme: the impossibility of making a clean break with one’s lower-class roots and background. Later plays include The......
  • In cerca del mistero (work by Bertolucci)
    ...interest in films came as a result of attending frequent screenings with his father. His first two films, shorts about children, were filmed when Bertolucci was 15 years old. His first book, In cerca del mistero (1962; “In Search of Mystery”) won the Premio Viareggio, one of Italy’s top literary awards. A short time later he embarked on his film career as assistant.....
  • In Cold Blood (novel by Capote)
    ...(1961) and Kate Vaiden (1986). Initially known for his lyrical portraits of Southern eccentrics (Other Voices, Other Rooms [1948]), Truman Capote later published In Cold Blood (1966), a cold but impressive piece of documentary realism that contributed, along with the work of Tom Wolfe and Norman Mailer, to the emergence of a “new......
  • In Dahomey (musical play)
    ...year they were appearing in New York City, where their song “Good Morning Carrie” became famous. In 1903 the partnership had graduated to full-scale musical comedy. The all-black show In Dahomey was a Broadway success and in London the following year played a command performance at Buckingham Palace. Other successes followed, notably Abyssinia (1906), Bandanna......
  • In Darkest Africa (work by Stanley)
    ...Mountains of the Moon), and the Semliki River was shown to link Lakes Edward and Albert; thus were cleared up the few doubtful geographic points regarding the Nile sources. In Darkest Africa (1890) is Stanley’s own account of his last adventure on the African continent. He received a Special Gold Medal from the RGS....
  • In Darkest England, and the Way Out (work by Booth)
    In 1890 General Booth published In Darkest England, and the Way Out, in which he had the assistance of William Thomas Stead. He proposed to remedy pauperism and vice by means of: homes for the homeless; training centres to prepare emigrants for oversea colonies; rescue homes for fallen women; homes for released prisoners; legal aid for the poor; and practical help for the alcoholic.......
  • “In der Sache J. Robert Oppenheimer” (work by Kipphardt)
    ...Ermittlung (1965; The Investigation) presented extracts from official hearings on the Auschwitz concentration camp; and Kipphardt’s In der Sache J. Robert Oppenheimer (1964; In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer) re-created the American inquiry into Oppenheimer’s loyalty because of his opposition to the development of the hydrogen bomb....
  • “In der Strafkolonie” (work by Kafka)
    Many of the tales are even more unfathomable. In the Penal Colony presents an officer who demonstrates his devotion to duty by submitting himself to the appalling (and clinically described) mutilations of his own instrument of torture. This theme, the ambiguity of a task’s value and the horror of devotion to it—one of Kafka’s constant preoccupations...
  • In Dreams Begin Responsibilities (work by Schwartz)
    Educated at the University of Wisconsin, New York University, and Harvard University, Schwartz later taught at Harvard and at a number of other schools. His first book, In Dreams Begin Responsibilities (1939), which brought him immediate fame, included the short story of the title and a group of poems remarkable for their lyric beauty and imaginative power. His subsequent publications......
  • In Dubious Battle (novel by Steinbeck)
    ...Row (1945). His best books were inspired by the social struggles of migrant farm workers during the Great Depression, including the simply written but ambiguous strike novel In Dubious Battle (1936) and his flawed masterpiece, The Grapes of Wrath (1939). The latter, a protest novel punctuated by prose-poem interludes, tells the story of the migration......
  • In ecclesiis (work by Gabrieli)
    ...colour and orchestration. In the well-known Sonata pian e forte, for eight instruments, directions to play loud and soft are given. Among the motets, his masterpiece is perhaps In ecclesiis, for four soloists, four-part choir, violin, three cornets, two trombones, and organ, these forces pitted against one another in an endless variety of combinations....
  • In Flanders Fields (poem by McRae)
    ...Flint and Feather, 1912), and the freedom and romance of the north (Robert Service, Songs of a Sourdough, 1907). John McCrae’s account of World War I, In Flanders Fields (1915), remains Canada’s best-known poem. Slowly a reaction against sentimental, patriotic, and derivative Victorian verse set in. E.J. Pratt created a distinctiv...
  • In God’s Land (work by Nexø)
    ...the life of a poor, courageous, and loving girl and woman for whom there is no escape from oppression. A third novel, Midt i en Jærntid (1929; In God’s Land), is critical of wealthy farmers during the period of agricultural inflation brought about by World War I. Nexø’s collected short fiction appeared under the title...
  • in gross (property law)
    Benefits and burdens that are not tied to ownership or possession of a particular piece of land are called “in gross.” Benefits acquired by governmental bodies, conservation and preservation organizations, pipeline owners, railroads, and utility companies are often in gross. Easement burdens are never in gross, but covenants to supply water, utilities, or other services to a parcel.....
  • In His Steps (novel by Sheldon)
    ...1889 he founded the Central Congregational Church in Topeka, Kan. He read series of his stories to his evening congregation; the stories proved popular when printed. The most successful series, In His Steps, concerned the inhabitants of a town who pledged themselves to live for a year as Jesus would live. First published serially in 1896 and in book form in 1897, In His Steps was....
  • in jure cessio (Roman law)
    In jure cessio was a conveyance in the form of a lawsuit. The transferee claimed before the magistrate that the thing was his, and the transferor, who was the defendant, admitted the claim. The magistrate then adjudged the thing to the transferee. (The sham-lawsuit theory, however, is not acceptable to all modern scholars, principally because the judgment of ownership was valid against......
  • In laudem Justini (poem by Corippus)
    ...of knowledge of these events. The poem, written about 550, shows the tenacity of the classical tradition in Africa and the continuance of the poetic revival that took place under Vandal rule. In laudem Justini, the four books of which eulogize Justinian I’s successor Justin II, was written after the arrival of Corippus in Constantinople, when he found himself in straits. This......
  • In Living Color (American television program)
    American comedian, musician, and actor, who became known for his impersonations on the television sketch-comedy show In Living Color and later proved himself a versatile film actor, especially noted for his Oscar-winning portrayal of Ray Charles in Ray (2004)....
  • in medias res (literature)
    in narrative technique, the recommended practice of beginning an epic or other fictional form by plunging into a crucial situation that is part of a related chain of events; the situation is an extension of previous events and will be developed in later action. The narrative then goes directly forward, and exposition of earlier events is supplied by flashbacks. The principle is based on the practi...
  • In Memoriam (work by Tennyson)
    ...was renewed and followed by marriage. Meanwhile, Edward Moxon offered to publish the elegies on Hallam that Tennyson had been composing over the years. They appeared, at first anonymously, as In Memoriam (1850), which had a great success with both reviewers and the public, won him the friendship of Queen Victoria, and helped bring about, in the same year, his appointment as poet......
  • In Memoriam James Joyce (work by MacDiarmid)
    ...Roman, and Christian roots of Great Britain, MacDiarmid sought not only to recover what he considered to be an authentically Scottish culture but also to establish, as in his In Memoriam James Joyce (1955), the truly cosmopolitan nature of Celtic consciousness and achievement. MacDiarmid’s masterpiece in the vernacular, A Drunk Man Looks at the....
  •  ‘In Memoriam’ of Italy: A Century of Sonnets from the Poems of Vittoria Colonna, The (work by Colonna)
    ...Her husband seems to have spent most of their married life on military campaigns; nevertheless, when he died in 1525 she began a series of poems in his memory, the best modern edition of which is Rime spirituali (1882; The “In Memoriam” of Italy: A Century of Sonnets from the Poems of Vittoria Colonna). She also wrote much religious poetry....
  • In Memoriam stanza (prosody)
    a quatrain in iambic tetrameter with a rhyme scheme of abba. The form was named for the pattern used by Alfred, Lord Tennyson in his poem In Memoriam, which, following an 11-stanza introduction, begins I held it truth, with him who singsTo one clear harp in divers tones,That men may rise ...
  • “In morte di Ugo Bassville” (work by Monti)
    ...of his time. Works from his papal period are lavish in their praise of the pope. A poem about a French Republican official who was killed by a Roman mob, In morte di Ugo Bassville (1793; The Penance of Hugo), usually known as Bassvilliana, also praises the pope and warns of the dangers of the French Revolution. Then Napoleon invaded Italy, and his successes converted......
  • In My Father’s Court (work by Singer)
    Schlemiel Went to Warsaw, and Other Stories (1968) is one of his best-known books for children. In 1966 he published In My Father’s Court, based on the Yiddish Mayn tatns besdn shtub (1956), an autobiographical account of his childhood in Warsaw. This work received special praise from the Swedish Academy when Singer was awarded the Nobel Pr...
  • In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (work by Appiah)
    Appiah’s early writings concerned the philosophy of language. He turned his attention to political and cultural issues in In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (1992), a philosophical exploration of the nature of African identity in the West and in an increasingly global culture. In Color Conscious: The Political Morality...
  • In nomine (religious music)
    style of 16th- and 17th-century English instrumental ensemble music based on the plainsong melody of the antiphon (a verse originally sung before and after a psalm in the Roman Catholic liturgy) “Gloria tibi Trinitas” (“Glory to Thee, O Trinity”) from the Vesper service for Trinity Sunday. The In nomine was named after John Taverner...
  • In nomine Domini (work by Taverner)
    ...The Western Wind), a few mass movements, 3 Magnificats, a Te Deum, and 28 motets. Taverner’s adaptation of the musical setting of the words In nomine Domini from the Benedictus of his mass Gloria tibi Trinitas became the prototype for a large number of instrumental compositions known as In.....
  • In Northern Mists (work by Nansen)
    Nansen also dealt with other subjects: for instance, his Nord i tåkeheimen, 2 vol. (1911; In Northern Mists) gave a critical review of the exploration of the northern regions from early times up to the beginning of the 16th century....
  • In Novum Testamentum ex diversorum utriusque linguae codicum collatione adnotationes (work by Valla)
    ...secretary, a post in which he was confirmed by Nicholas’ successor in 1455. Valla also taught rhetoric in Rome, where he remained until his death. In his 40s, he composed his last major work, In Novum Testamentum ex diversorum utriusque linguae codicum collatione adnotationes (“Annotations on the New Testament Collected from Various Codices in Each Language”), with t...
  • In Nyu York (work by Halpern)
    ...in Galicia but had lived for many years in Vienna, where he learned painting and was influenced by Friedrich Nietzsche and other German authors. Among his major publications was In Nyu York (1919; “In New York”), from which selections appeared in a bilingual English-Yiddish edition with the same title (1982). His other important works were ......
  • In Old Arizona (film by Cummings [1927])
    Other Nominees...
  • In Old Chicago (film by King [1937])
    Other Nominees...
  • In Ole Virginia, Marse Chan, and Other Stories (work by Page)
    ...first won notice with the story “Marse Chan” in the Century Illustrated Magazine. This and similar stories were collected in what is probably Page’s most characteristic book, In Ole Virginia, Marse Chan, and Other Stories (1887), reflecting the glamorous life of the old antebellum regime and the tumults of the Civil War. His essays and social studies, includin...
  • In Parenthesis (novel by Jones)
    ...liturgy is one of the thematic strands that run through all his work, along with the army and Welsh and British history and legend. His experience of war in the trenches gave him the theme of In Parenthesis (1937), an epic novel. Also important is his religious poem The Anathemata (1952)....
  • in pectore (Roman Catholicism)
    ...other business). These newly named cardinals then receive the red biretta and the ring symbolic of the office in a public consistory. Sometimes the pope appoints cardinals in pectore (Latin: “in the breast”), without declaring their names; only when the name of a cardinal in pectore is revealed does he......
  • in personam (law)
    A judgment generally operates to settle finally and authoritatively matters in dispute before a court. Judgments may be classified as in personam, in rem, or quasi in rem. An in personam, or personal, judgment, the type most commonly rendered by courts, imposes a personal liability or obligation upon a person or group to some other person or group. This obligation may be to......
  • In Phantas Schloss (work by Morgenstern)
    Morgenstern’s serious poetry, written first under the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche, includes In Phantas Schloss (1895; “In Phanta’s Palace”), in which cosmic, mythological, and philosophical concepts are playfully combined; Ich und die Welt (1898; “I and the World”); Ein Sommer (1900; “One Summer”), which was w...
  • “In Praise of Folly” (work by Erasmus)
    The celebrated Moriae encomium, or Praise of Folly, conceived as Erasmus crossed the Alps on his way back to England and written at Thomas More’s house, expresses a very different mood. For the first time the earnest scholar saw his own efforts along with everyone else’s as bathed in a universal irony, in which foolish passion carried...
  • In Praise of Love (film by Godard)
    ...de cinema, which offered his iconoclastic views on the first 100 years of motion-picture history. Éloge de l’amour (2001; In Praise of Love), a narrative film that examined the nature of love and a life in film, stirred controversy over its harsh criticism of Hollywood filmmaking....
  • In Praise of the New Knighthood (work by Bernard of Clairvaux)
    ...to the knights. The Templars obtained further sanction at the Council of Troyes in 1128, which may have requested that Bernard of Clairvaux compose the new rule. Bernard also wrote In Praise of the New Knighthood (c. 1136), which defended the order against its critics and contributed to its growth. In 1139 Pope Innocent II issued a bull that granted the order......
  • “In Quintum Novembris” (poem by Milton)
    Another early poem in Latin is In Quintum Novembris (On the Fifth of November), which Milton composed in 1626 at Cambridge. The poem celebrates the anniversary of the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605, when Guy Fawkes was discovered preparing to detonate explosives at the opening of Parliament, an event in which King James I and his family would......
  • In Rainbows (album by Radiohead)
    The band, having concluded its six-album contract with the EMI Group in 2003, broke away from major label distribution and initially released its seventh album, In Rainbows (2007), via Internet download. An estimated 1.2 million fans downloaded the album within its first week of availability, paying any price they wished to do so. The novel distribution method......
  • In re Debs (legal ruling)
    ...in resisting the trend toward an increase in the power and responsibility of the federal government. At the same time, speaking for the majority in the principal injunction case of the period, In re Debs (1895), he upheld the government’s use of the injunction against unlawful strikes. In a notable liberal departure, he wrote the majority opinion in Muller v. Oregon....
  • In re Neagle (legal ruling)
    ...Cleveland appointed Lamar secretary of the interior (1885) and later associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1888). His most important opinion while a justice of the Court was a dissent in In re Neagle (1890), which expressed his conviction that the authority of the federal executive is limited to the powers specifically granted by the Constitution and statutes....
  • In re Yamashita (legal opinion by Rutledge)
    ...especially those having to do with government agencies. He wrote several noted and controversial opinions, including his dissent against the execution of the Japanese general Yamashita Tomoyuki (In re Yamashita, 1946) for war crimes. Rutledge objected to the use of hearsay evidence in the trial and won wide public approval for his defense of the right of even a defeated enemy to a fair.....
  • in rem (law)
    Both civil-law and common-law countries have special rules governing suits for judgments in rem (Latin: “with respect to the thing”), which concern proprietary legal rights. Unlike actions for judgments in personam (Latin: “with respect to the person”), which concern personal legal rights and ma...
  • In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (work by McNamara)
    In 1995 McNamara published a memoir, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, in which he describes the anticommunist political climate of the era, mistaken assumptions of foreign policy, and misjudgments on the part of the military that combined to create the Vietnam debacle. In the documentary film The Fog of War (2003), McNamara discusses his career......
  • In Ruad Ro-fhessa (Celtic deity)
    in Celtic religion, one of the leaders of a mythological Irish people, the Tuatha Dé Danann (“People of the Goddess Danu”). The Dagda was credited with many powers and possessed a caldron that was never empty, fruit trees that were never barren, and two pigs—one live and the other perpetually roasting. He also had a huge club that had the power both t...
  • In Search of Famine (film by Sen)
    ...poisoning in their home. Kharij won the Special Jury Prize at the Cannes International Film Festival in 1983. Akaler Sandhane (In Search of Famine, 1980), the story of a film crew documenting the 1943 Bengal famine, won the Silver Bear (Special Jury Prize) at the Berlin International Film Festival in 1981....
  • In Search of Lost Time (novel by Proust)
    French novelist, author of À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–27; In Search of Lost Time), a seven-volume novel based on Proust’s life told psychologically and allegorically....
  • In Search of the Indo-Europeans (work by Mallory)
    ...Sea region, an area that was transformed about 4000 bc by the advent of horse-drawn wheeled vehicles and related innovations. It is probably best, therefore, to follow J.P. Mallory (In Search of the Indo-Europeans [1989]) in locating the speakers of Proto-Indo-European among the populations of this region, but not to attempt a more precise identification until further......
  • “In Sicily” (work by Vittorini)
    ...boy, also conveys the poisonous political atmosphere of fascism. In 1936 Vittorini began writing his most important novel, Conversazione in Sicilia (1941, rev. ed. 1965; Eng. trans., Conversation in Sicily; U.S. title In Sicily), the clearest expression of his anti-fascist feelings. The action of the book is less important than the emotional agony of its hero, brought......
  • in situ combustion (extraction process)
    The mechanics of heavy oil displacement in an in situ combustion operation is similar to that in the steam-flooding process except for one difference. Unlike in the latter, steam is produced by vaporizing water already in the rock formation or water that has been injected therein with heat from the in situ combustion of some of the oil in the reservoir. After the in-place heavy oil has been......
  • in situ concrete (building material)
    There are two methods of fabricating reinforced concrete. The first is to pour the liquid material into forms at the building site; this is so-called in situ concrete. The other method is called precast concrete, in which building components are manufactured in a central plant and later brought to the building site for assembly. The components of concrete are portland cement, coarse aggregates......
  • in situ measurement (meteorolgy)
    Methods to monitor the atmosphere are of two types—in situ measurements and remote sensing observations. In situ measurements require that the instrumentation be located directly at the point of interest and in contact with the subject of interest. In contrast, remote sensors are located some distance away from the subject of interest. Remote sensors include passive systems (instruments......
  • in situ synthesis (technology)
    ...cylinders from the plant where they were made to the site where they will be used. One possible method of replacing these precursors with materials that are environmentally safe is known as in situ synthesis. In this method, dangerous reagents would be generated on demand in only the desired quantities, instead of being shipped cross-country and stored until needed at the semiconductor......
  • in situ tumour (pathology)
    ...the uterine cervix; as long as this carcinoma is confined to the mucosal lining and has not penetrated the basement membrane, which separates the lining from other tissue layers, it is known as a noninvasive tumour (or an in situ tumour). A tumour at this stage lacks its own network of blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen, and it has not sent cells into the circulatory system to give......
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