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  • Indonesian music
    ...South Asian music theory posits a scale of 22 unequal intervals to the octave; although, in practice, a chromatic scale of 100-cent intervals is used, ornaments use intervals of smaller size. In Indonesian music, intervals of many sizes appear, including those of the slendro scale, which sometimes divides an octave into five equal intervals of roughly......
  • Indonesian National Museum (museum, Jakarta, Indonesia)
    Although the arts of Indonesia are not—and likely cannot be—documented and preserved exhaustively, a number of museums house notable collections. The Indonesian National Museum in Jakarta not only possesses collections of prehistoric and contemporary arts and artifacts from Indonesia, including textiles, stamps, sculptures, bronzework, and maps, but also contains a major collection.....
  • Indonesian Nationalist Party (political party, Indonesia)
    The new nationalism required a new organization for its expression, and in July 1927 the Indonesian Nationalist Association, later the Indonesian Nationalist Party (Partai Nasional Indonesia; PNI), was formed under the chairmanship of Sukarno. The PNI was based on the idea of noncooperation with the government of the East Indies and was thus distinguished from those groups, such as Sarekat......
  • Indonesian Peasants’ Party (political party, Suriname)
    ...Volkspartij; PSV) organized the working-class Creoles. The East Indians and Indonesians were eventually grouped within the United Hindu Party (VHP; later called the Progressive Reform Party) and the Indonesian Peasants’ Party (Kaum-Tani Persuatan Indonesia; KTPI), respectively. Universal suffrage was instituted in 1948....
  • Indonesian Republic Party (political party, Indonesia)
    ...He opposed as premature a Communist-backed rebellion in 1926 and was blamed by its proponents for the uprising’s failure. The next year, however, he organized a group in Bangkok called the Indonesian Republic Party; its aim was to develop underground cadres to work in Indonesia. The party gained strength, but with little visible success in weakening colonial rule....
  • Indonesian Sociological Studies: Selected Writings of B. Schrieke (work by Schrieke)
    ...study of the Sumatran peoples but completed only a portion of the introduction. This segment, the “Prolegomena” (1925), with other of his writings, appeared in English translation in Indonesian Sociological Studies: Selected Writings of B. Schrieke, 2 vol. (1955–57)....
  • Indonesian Union (political organization, Indonesia)
    an Indonesian students’ organization in The Netherlands, formed in the early 1920s, which provided a source of intellectual leadership for the Indonesian nationalist movement. This association originated in 1908 as the Indische Vereeniging (Indies Association), which changed its name to the Indonesische Vereeniging (Indonesian Association) in 1922 as Indonesian nationalism developed. It bec...
  • Indonesische Vereeniging (political organization, Indonesia)
    an Indonesian students’ organization in The Netherlands, formed in the early 1920s, which provided a source of intellectual leadership for the Indonesian nationalist movement. This association originated in 1908 as the Indische Vereeniging (Indies Association), which changed its name to the Indonesische Vereeniging (Indonesian Association) in 1922 as Indonesian nationalism developed. It bec...
  • indoor bowls (sport)
    ...The game is usually played between two competitors, each having two bowls. Both the bowls and the jack are biased, and play may be in any direction over the green. Another variation on lawn bowls, indoor bowls, is popular chiefly in the United Kingdom and Canada, where it is played on carpet-covered indoor rinks. The English Indoor Bowling Association (EIBA) was founded in 1971....
  • indoor polo (sport)
    The indoor game was introduced in the United States and is played predominantly there, thus allowing polo in winter. The field is 100 yards long and 50 yards wide, with wooden boards 4–4 12 feet (1.2–1.4 m) high to keep the ball in play. The ball is inflatable leather, 4 12 inches in diameter and weighing at least....
  • indoor-outdoor (sport)
    a variant of baseball and a popular participant sport, particularly in the United States. It is generally agreed that softball developed from a game called indoor baseball, first played in Chicago in 1887. It became known in the United States by various names, such as kitten ball, mush ball, diamond ball, indoor–outdoor, and playground ball. There were wide variances in playing rules, size ...
  • Indore (Madhya Pradesh, India)
    city, western Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The city is a major trunk road and rail junction and is located on the Saraswatī and Khān streams, which are tributaries of the Siprā River....
  • indostomid (fish)
    ...the body or ganoid (i.e., thick, bony, enamelled, and diamond-shaped) plates rather than scales. Families within the order are Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks), Aulorhynchidae (tube snout), Indostomidae (indostomid), Aulostomidae (trumpet fishes), Fistulariidae (cornetfishes), Centriscidae (shrimpfishes), Macrorhamphosidae (snipefishes), Solenostomidae (ghost pipefishes), and......
  • Indostomidae (fish)
    ...the body or ganoid (i.e., thick, bony, enamelled, and diamond-shaped) plates rather than scales. Families within the order are Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks), Aulorhynchidae (tube snout), Indostomidae (indostomid), Aulostomidae (trumpet fishes), Fistulariidae (cornetfishes), Centriscidae (shrimpfishes), Macrorhamphosidae (snipefishes), Solenostomidae (ghost pipefishes), and......
  • Indotestudo elongata (reptile)
    Asia has a few tortoises, the most widespread being the elongate tortoise (Indotestudo elongata), which is found in a variety of open woodland habitats. Although it is predominantly a herbivore, it consumes invertebrates and is not averse to eating carrion....
  • “Indøvelse i Christendom” (work by Kierkegaard)
    ...Death an “attack upon Christendom.” In a similar vein, Anti-Climacus, the pseudonymous author of Indøvelse i Christendom (1850; Training in Christianity), declared the need “again to introduce Christianity into Christendom.” This theme became more and more explicit as Kierkegaard resumed his writin...
  • Indra (Indian deity)
    in Hindu mythology, the king of the gods. He is one of the main gods of the archaic Sanskrit collection of hymns, the Rigveda, and is the Indo-European cousin of the German Wotan, Norse Odin, Greek Zeus, and Roman Jupiter....
  • Indra III (Rāṣṭrakūṭa king)
    ...the Pratihāras was apparently weakened by dynastic strife. It was further diminished as a result of a great raid from the Deccan, led by the Rāṣṭrakūṭa king Indra III, who in about 916 sacked Kannauj. Under a succession of rather obscure kings the Pratihāras never regained their former influence. Their feudatories became more and more powerful, o...
  • Indra Jatra (Hindu festival)
    ...include, in spring, the Shivaratri and the Machendra Jatra with its procession bearing the image of the god Machendra; in late summer, the Gai Jatra (festival of the cow); and, in early autumn, the Indra Jatra, during which the goddess Devi, represented by a young girl, is carried in procession. Pop. (2001) 671,846....
  • Indraditya (Thai ruler)
    founder and ruler of the kingdom of Sukhothai, the first independent Tai (Thai) state....
  • Indrāṇī (Hindu deity)
    ...or female counterpart, of a god. They are Brahmāṇī, Māheśvarī, Kaumārī, Vaiṣṇavī, Vārāhī, Indrāṇī, and Cāmuṇḍā, or Yamī. (One text, the Varāha-Purāṇa, states that they number eight, including......
  • Indrani (American dancer)
    Indian-born dancer who performed and taught a number of the classical dances of India; she was the first professional to perform the ancient odissi,a dance that began in the temples, and she introduced this and other long-neglected dances to an international audience (b. 1930, Madras, India—d. Feb. 5, 1999, New York, N.Y.)....
  • Indrapatindraditya (Thai ruler)
    founder and ruler of the kingdom of Sukhothai, the first independent Tai (Thai) state....
  • Indraprastha (legendary city, India)
    The earliest reference to a settlement at Delhi is found in the epic Mahabharata (a narrative about the descendants of the prince Bharata), which mentions a city called Indraprastha, built about 1400 bc under the direction of Yudhisthira, a Pandava king, on a huge mound somewhere between the sites where the historic Old Fort (Purana Qilah) and Humāy...
  • Indrapura (ancient city, Cambodia)
    ...the Javanese and asserted Khmer independence in 802, when he also was installed under Hindu rites as devarāja (q.v.), or god-king. He established a series of capitals, first at Indrapura, on the lower Mekong River east of Kâmpóng (Kompong) Cham; then, moving northwards, at Hariharalaya, southeast of present-day Siĕmréab (Siem Reap); and then at.....
  • Indrasabha (operatic drama by Amanat)
    Urdu theatre grew out of a spectacular production of Indrasabha (“The Heavenly Court of Indra”), an operatic drama written by the poet Agha Hasan Amanat and produced in 1855 in the palace courtyard of the last Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah. The story deals with the love of a fairy and Prince Gulfam. The fairy takes her lover to heaven where the angry and jealous Indra hurls......
  • Indravarman I (king of Angkor)
    ruler of the Khmer kingdom of Angkor (Cambodia) from 877 to about 890....
  • Indre (department, France)
    région of France encompassing the central départements of Cher, Indre, Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Loiret, and Eure-et-Loir. Centre is bounded by the régions of Haute-Normandie and Île-de-France to the north, Burgundy (Bourgogne) to the east, Auvergne......
  • Indre River (river, France)
    river, west-central France, a left-bank tributary of the Loire River. Rising on the northern flanks of the Massif Central, it flows 165 miles (265 km) northwestward through Indre and Indre-et-Loire départements, joining the Loire northwest of Chinon and draining a basin of about 5,200 square miles (13,500 square km). It flows exclusively through agricultural regions, crossing La Ch...
  • Indre-et-Loire (department, France)
    région of France encompassing the central départements of Cher, Indre, Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Loiret, and Eure-et-Loir. Centre is bounded by the régions of Haute-Normandie and Île-de-France to the north, Burgundy (Bourgogne) to the east, Auvergne......
  • Indrebö, R. (Norwegian scholar)
    ...intelligible to Danish readers, but the version of E. Blix (New Testament, 1889; complete Bible, 1921) is in New Norwegian. A revised Bible in this standardized form of the language, executed by R. Indrebö, was published by the Norwegian Bible Society in 1938....
  • Indremissionen (religious movement, Denmark)
    ...belief and peasant culture were taught as a basis for creating pride in the Danish heritage. A separate revival movement also was organized within the framework of the Danish church. Known as the Home Mission (Indre Mission), it was founded by a clergyman, Vilhelm Beck, in the mid-19th century. The Home Mission survives as a contemporary evangelical expression of Lutheran Pietism, which had......
  • indri (lemur species)
    slender, long-limbed primate found in the forests of Madagascar. The largest of the lemurs, it is 60–70 cm (24–28 inches) long, with a rudimentary tail and large hands and feet. The round head has a pointed face and round, furry ears. Its fur is black, with white on the head, throat, forearms, and buttocks; the relative proportions of white and black vary geographi...
  • Indri indri (lemur species)
    slender, long-limbed primate found in the forests of Madagascar. The largest of the lemurs, it is 60–70 cm (24–28 inches) long, with a rudimentary tail and large hands and feet. The round head has a pointed face and round, furry ears. Its fur is black, with white on the head, throat, forearms, and buttocks; the relative proportions of white and black vary geographi...
  • Indricotherium (extinct mammal)
    genus of giant browsing perissodactyls found as fossils in Asian deposits of the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene epochs (30 to 16.6 million years ago). The indricotherium, which was related to the modern rhinoceros but was hornless, was the largest land mammal that ever existed. It stood about 5.5 m (18 feet) high at the shoulder, was 8 m (26 feet) long, and weighed an estimated 30 tons, which is...
  • Indridae (primate family)
    family of arboreal Madagascan primates. See avahi; indri; sifaka....
  • indriya (Indian philosophy)
    (Sanskrit: “faculty”), according to Indian philosophy, the instruments of a person’s direct perception of the outside world. They are of two kinds, motoric and sensory. The motoric faculties are those of speaking, grasping, walking, ejaculating, and evacuating. The sensory faculties, or senses, are hearing, touching, seeing, tasting, and smelling. Both sets of faculties are c...
  • Induan Stage (geochronology)
    lowermost of two divisions of the Lower Triassic Series, representing those rocks deposited worldwide during Induan time (from 251 million to 249.7 million years ago) in the Triassic Period. The stage name is derived from the Indus River in the Salt Range of Pakistan. The stratotype for the Induan, as originally defined, is the strata above ...
  • indubitability (philosophy)
    ...abstractionism, John Duns Scotus (c. 1266–1308) did not base his account of human knowledge on this alone. According to him, there are four classes of things that can be known with certainty. First, there are things that are knowable simpliciter, including true identity statements such as “Cicero is Tully” and propositions,......
  • induced abortion (pregnancy)
    the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it has reached the stage of viability (in human beings, usually about the 20th week of gestation). An abortion may occur spontaneously, in which case it is also called a miscarriage, or it may be brought on purposefully, in which case it is often called an induced abortion....
  • induced absorption (physics)
    ...can result in the emission of additional radiation of frequency ν as the molecule undergoes a transition to state Elo. These two phenomena are referred to as induced absorption and induced emission, respectively. Also a molecule in an excited (high) energy state can spontaneously emit electromagnetic radiation, returning to some lower energy level without......
  • induced dipole (chemical bonding)
    ...neighbouring molecule, which then interacts with the original transient dipole. Although the latter continuously flickers from one direction to another (with an average of zero dipole overall), the induced dipole follows it, and the two correlated dipoles interact favourably with one another and cohere....
  • induced drag (mechanics)
    Induced drag is caused by that element of the air deflected downward which is not vertical to the flight path but is tilted slightly rearward from it. As the angle of attack increases, so does drag; at a critical point, the angle of attack can become so great that the airflow is broken over the upper surface of the wing, and lift is lost while drag increases. This critical condition is termed......
  • induced emission (physics)
    in laser action, the release of energy from an excited atom by artificial means. According to Albert Einstein, when more atoms occupy a higher energy state than a lower one under normal temperature equilibrium (see population inversion), it is possible to force atoms to return to an unexcited state by stimulating t...
  • induced fission (physics)
    in laser action, the release of energy from an excited atom by artificial means. According to Albert Einstein, when more atoms occupy a higher energy state than a lower one under normal temperature equilibrium (see population inversion), it is possible to force atoms to return to an unexcited state by stimulating t...
  • induced magnetization (geomagnetics)
    Crustal magnetization is of two types: induced and remanant. Induced magnetization occurs when the elementary magnetic dipoles of crustal materials are aligned by the Earth’s main field, just as a compass needle is aligned. If a material of particularly high susceptibility to magnetization is concentrated, as in a mineral deposit, it also can be approximated to a bar magnet that creates a s...
  • induced ovulation
    Behaviour may stimulate hormone production. Female cats, rabbits, and some other mammals are “induced ovulators.” In other words, copulation stimulates the hypothalamus via the nervous system, and the pituitary gland is then stimulated to produce luteinizing hormones (LH), which in turn affects the ovaries. A few hours after copulation ovulation occurs at about the time the sperm......
  • induced pluripotent stem cell (biology)
    Due to the ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells, scientists have searched for ways to reprogram adult somatic cells. Studies of cell fusion, in which differentiated adult somatic cells grown in culture with embryonic stem cells fuse with the stem cells and acquire embryonic stem-cell-like properties, led to the idea that specific genes could reprogram......
  • induced-dipole-induced dipole interaction (intermolecular force)
    ...as a whole may be polar, one part having an excess of positive charge and another an excess of negative charge, or it may contain polar groups. At sufficiently low temperatures the relatively weak London forces (i.e., forces acting between any two atoms brought close together) may also be strong enough to produce molecular association....
  • induced-fit theory (biology)
    ...the enzyme and its substrate (the compound upon which it acts to form a product). As a result, the ability of the enzyme to catalyze a reaction is modified. This is the basis of the so-called induced-fit theory, which states that the binding of a substrate or some other molecule to an enzyme causes a change in the shape of the enzyme so as to enhance or inhibit its activity....
  • induced-polarization method (prospecting)
    ...in a charge buildup at the interface. This charge builds up shortly after current flow begins, and it takes a short time to decay after the current circuit is broken. Such an effect is measured in induced-polarization methods and is used to detect sulfide ore bodies....
  • inducer (biochemistry)
    ...a constituent, the manner in which the alterations are elicited may be distinguished. Thus, an increase in the rates at which enzymes of catabolic routes are synthesized results from the addition of inducers—usually compounds that exhibit some structural similarity to the substrates on which the enzymes act. A classic example of an inducible enzyme of this type is β-galactosidase....
  • inducible enzyme (biochemistry)
    in enzymology, a metabolic control mechanism with the effect of increasing the rate of synthesis of an enzyme. In induction, synthesis of a specific enzyme, called an inducible enzyme (e.g., β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli), occurs when cells are exposed to the substance (substrate) upon which the enzyme acts to form a product....
  • inductance (electronics)
    property of a conductor (often in the shape of a coil) that is measured by the size of the electromotive force, or voltage, induced in it, compared with the rate of change of the electric current that produces the voltage. A steady current produces a stationary magnetic field; a steadily changing current, alternating curre...
  • induction (embryo)
    in embryology, process by which the presence of one tissue influences the development of others. Certain tissues, especially in very young embryos, apparently have the potential to direct the differentiation of adjacent cells. Absence of the inducing tissue results in lack of or improper development of the induced tissue. The converse is often true as well; i.e., the addition of extra indu...
  • induction (reason)
    in logic, method of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal. As it applies to logic in systems of the 20th century, the term is obsolete. Traditionally, logicians distinguished between deductive logic (inference in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise, or drawing new propositions out of premises in which they lie ...
  • induction (enzymatic reactions)
    in enzymology, a metabolic control mechanism with the effect of increasing the rate of synthesis of an enzyme. In induction, synthesis of a specific enzyme, called an inducible enzyme (e.g., β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli), occurs when cells are exposed to the substance (substrate) upon which the enzyme acts to form a product....
  • induction coil (electronics)
    Transformers change voltage through electromagnetic induction; i.e., as the magnetic lines of force (flux lines) build up and collapse with the changes in current passing through the primary coil, current is induced in another coil, called the secondary. The secondary voltage is calculated by multiplying the primary voltage by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary coil to the......
  • induction drive (mechanics)
    ...of three drive systems: (1) the galvanometer drive, consisting of the conventional balance-hairspring oscillator, kept in motion by the magnetic interaction of a coil and a permanent magnet, (2) the induction drive, in which an electromagnet attracts a balance containing soft magnetic material, or (3) the resonance drive, in which a tiny tuning fork (about 25 mm [1 inch] in length), driven......
  • induction, electromagnetic (physics)
    in physics, the induction of an electromotive force in a circuit by varying the magnetic flux linked with the circuit. See Faraday’s law of induction....
  • induction force (molecular structure)
    In addition to the forces listed above, there are so-called induction forces set up when a charged or polar molecule induces a dipole in another molecule: the electric field of the inducing molecule distorts the charge distribution in the other. When a charged molecule induces a dipole in another, the force is always attractive and is inversely proportional to the fifth power of the distance of......
  • induction furnace
    In the induction furnace, a coil carrying alternating electric current surrounds the container or chamber of metal. Eddy currents are induced in the metal (charge), the circulation of these currents producing extremely high temperatures for melting the metals and for making alloys of exact composition....
  • induction generator (machine)
    An induction machine can operate as a generator if it is connected to an electric supply network operating at a substantially constant voltage and frequency. If torque is applied to the induction machine by a prime mover, it will tend to rotate somewhat faster than its synchronous speed, which is equal to 120 f/p revolutions per minute, where f is the supply frequency and......
  • induction hardening (metallurgy)
    ...and therefore the distribution of heat within the object, depends on the frequency of the primary alternating current and the magnetic permeability, as well as the resistivity, of the material. Induction hardening, widely used to increase the resistance of steel objects to wear, can be effected by brief exposure to a high-frequency field....
  • induction heating (metallurgy)
    method of raising the temperature of an electrically conductive material by subjecting it to an alternating electromagnetic field. The electric currents induced in the object (although it is electrically isolated from the source of the field) bring about dissipation of power in the form of heat. Induction-heating methods are applied most widely in metalworking to heat metals for soldering, temper...
  • induction, mathematical
    3. Rule of inference (the principle of mathematical induction): If zero has some property p and it is the case that if any number has p then its successor does, then every number has p. With some of the notation from above, this can be expressed: If A(0) and (∀x)(∼A(x) ∨ A(Sx)) are theorems, then......
  • induction motor (engineering)
    The simplest type of induction motor is shown in cross section in the figure. A three-phase set of stator windings is inserted in slots in the stator iron. These windings may be connected either in a wye configuration, normally without external connection to the neutral point, or in a delta configuration. The rotor consists of a cylindrical iron core with conductors placed in slots around the......
  • induction, problem of
    problem of justifying the inductive inference from the observed to the unobserved. It was given its classic formulation by the Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–76), who noted that all such inferences rely, directly or indirectly, on the rationally unfounded premise that the future will resemble the past. There are two main variants of the problem; the first appeals t...
  • induction regulator (electronics)
    ...systems the regulators are either in the substations or on the feeder lines themselves. Two types of regulators are used: step regulators, in which switches regulate the current supply, and induction regulators, in which an induction motor supplies a secondary, continually adjusted voltage to even out current variations in the feeder line....
  • induction ring (physics)
    ...something he was convinced happened in a current-carrying wire. He was even more impressed by the fact that such patterns could be induced in one plate by bowing another nearby. Such acoustic induction is apparently what lay behind his most famous experiment. On August 29, 1831, Faraday wound a thick iron ring on one side with insulated wire that was connected to a battery. He then wound......
  • induction rite (society)
    ...in some cultures is strictly standardized and regulated. The teaching personnel may consist of fully initiated men, often unknown to the initiate though they are his relatives in other clans. The initiation may begin with the initiate being abruptly separated from his familial group and sent to a secluded camp where he joins other initiates. The purpose of this separation is to deflect the......
  • induction system (air-conditioning)
    ...takes many circumstances into consideration. A self-contained unit, described above, serves a space directly. More complex systems, as in tall buildings, use ducts to deliver cooled air. In the induction system, air is cooled once at a central plant and then conveyed to individual units, where water is used to adjust the air temperature according to such variables as sunlight exposure and......
  • induction-type meter (electronics)
    Mercury-type and commutator-type watt-hour meters measure power in direct-current circuits. Induction-type meters measure power in alternating-current circuits and are the type commonly seen on the outside of houses. Specialized watt-hour meters include totalizing meters, which record the power used in more than one circuit, and highly accurate portable meters, which are used for testing......
  • inductive effect (chemistry)
    ...drawn farther from the carbon than the electrons in the corresponding H−C bond. Thus, chlorine is considered to be an electron-withdrawing group. This is one example of the so-called inductive effect, in which a substituent affects a compound’s distribution of electrons. There are a number of such effects, and atoms or groups may be electron-withdrawing or electron-donating as......
  • inductive inference (reason)
    in logic, method of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal. As it applies to logic in systems of the 20th century, the term is obsolete. Traditionally, logicians distinguished between deductive logic (inference in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise, or drawing new propositions out of premises in which they lie ...
  • Inductive Metrology, or the Recovery of Ancient Measures from the Monuments (work by Petrie)
    At the age of 24, Petrie wrote Inductive Metrology, or the Recovery of Ancient Measures from the Monuments, a work that represented a new approach to archaeological study. Fieldwork done at various locations in Britain, including Stonehenge, enabled him to determine by mathematical computations the unit of measurement for the construction of the monument. His Stonehenge:......
  • inductive reactance (electronics)
    Reactance is of two types: inductive and capacitive. Inductive reactance is associated with the magnetic field that surrounds a wire or a coil carrying a current. An alternating current in such a conductor, or inductor, sets up an alternating magnetic field that in turn affects the current in, and the voltage (potential difference) across, that part of the circuit. An inductor essentially......
  • inductive reasoning (reason)
    in logic, method of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal. As it applies to logic in systems of the 20th century, the term is obsolete. Traditionally, logicians distinguished between deductive logic (inference in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise, or drawing new propositions out of premises in which they lie ...
  • Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer
    ...age of the mineral zircon, and this has revolutionized the understanding of the isotopic age of formation of zircon-bearing igneous granitic rocks. Another technological development is the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer), which is able to provide the isotopic age of the minerals zircon, titanite, rutile, and monazite. These minerals are common to many igneous and......
  • inductor (electronics)
    ...inductors. As was mentioned above, resistors dissipate heat while carrying a current. Capacitors store energy in the form of an electric field in the volume between oppositely charged electrodes. Inductors are essentially coils of conducting wire; they store magnetic energy in the form of a magnetic field generated by the current in the coil. All three components provide some impedance to the.....
  • inductor alternator (machine)
    An inductor alternator is a special kind of synchronous generator in which both the field and the output winding are on the stator. In the homopolar type of machine, the magnetic flux is produced by direct current in a stationary field coil concentric with the shaft. In the heteropolar type, the field coils are in slots in the stator....
  • inductor compass (instrument)
    ...by mounting the compass on a platform kept horizontal by a gyroscope. The directive element must be nonpendulous. The vertical pin supporting the compass needle can be pivoted at both ends, or an inductor element can be employed. In one such arrangement, a saturable-inductor compass (so named because of its use of materials that can be readily induced to carry a maximum magnetic flow, or......
  • indulgence (Roman Catholicism)
    a distinctive feature of the penitential system of both the Western medieval and the Roman Catholic church that granted full or partial remission of the punishment of sin. The granting of indulgences was predicated on two beliefs. First, in the sacrament of penance it did not suffice to have the guilt (culpa) of sin forgiven through absoluti...
  • Indulgence, Declaration of (British history)
    ...himself a Catholic. That moment came for the king on his deathbed, by which time his brother and heir, the duke of York, had already openly professed his conversion. In 1672 Charles promulgated the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the penal code against all religious Nonconformists, Catholic and Dissenter alike. But a declaration of toleration could not bring together these mortal......
  • Indulgents (French history)
    ...the demands of the masses. He quickly showed, however, that he sought to stabilize the Revolutionary movement; very soon—whether he wanted it or not—he appeared as the leader of the Indulgents, the moderate faction that had risen out of the Cordeliers....
  • indulto
    ...bull’s breeder, who views this as a great honour. If the bull was exceptionally brave, the audience may petition the president to spare the bull’s life; if a rare pardon (indulto) is granted, it is indicated by the president waving an orange handkerchief. The kill, in these rare instances, is simulated using a banderilla or an empty hand, an...
  • Indur (Madhya Pradesh, India)
    city, western Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The city is a major trunk road and rail junction and is located on the Saraswatī and Khān streams, which are tributaries of the Siprā River....
  • Indur (India)
    city, northwestern Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. The city is located on the Hyderābād–Godāvari Valley line of the Central Railway, north-northwest of Hyderābād. Historical points of interest include a temple that now houses a water-supply tank and the fort of Indur. The city is also the site of several colleges affiliated with Osmania University in...
  • Indurain, Miguel (Spanish athlete)
    ...He won the Tour again in 2001 and 2002, relying on his strength in the mountain climbs. In 2003 he overcame crashes and illness to claim his fifth consecutive Tour de France, tying a record set by Miguel Indurain. He surpassed Indurain in 2004 when he won his sixth consecutive race. After winning his seventh Tour in 2005, Armstrong retired from the sport, but in 2008 he announced that he was......
  • induration (geology)
    hardening of rocks by heat or baking; also the hardening of sediments through cementation or compaction, or both, without the introduction of heat. The classic example is the rock called hornfels, which is formed at contacts with igneous intrusions and in which heat and fluids from the intruding magma reconstitute the original wall rock into a hardened, flinty rock with a dense...
  • Indus Basin project (Indian-Pakistani history)
    embankment dam on the Jhelum River, Pakistan, completed in 1967. Mangla Dam is one of the two main structures in the Indus Basin project (the other is Tarbela Dam (q.v.). The Mangla Dam rises 453 feet (138 m) above ground level, is about 10,300 feet (3,140 m) wide at its crest, and has a volume of 85,500,000 cubic yards (65,400,000 cubic m). Along with its three small subsidiary dams,......
  • Indus civilization
    the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent, first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-daro, near the Indus River in the Sindh, now both in Pakistan. Subsequently, vestiges of the civilization were found as far apart as Sutkagen Dor, near the shore of the Arabian Sea 300 miles (480 km) west...
  • Indus Cone (alluvial fan)
    ...is about 9,800 feet (3,000 metres). The floor of the basin, except along the southeastern edge, is covered by sediment deposited by the Indus River in the form of a great alluvial fan—the Indus Cone—whose thickness diminishes to the south....
  • Indus Delta (physical region, Pakistan)
    ...zone (Sind) being mostly saline and unfit for agricultural use. Extensive areas in both the northern and southern zones of the plain have been affected by waterlogging and salinity. In the south the Indus delta (in marked contrast to the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta) is a wild waste. When high tides and Indus floods coincide, the littoral is flooded for some 20 miles (30 km) inland....
  • Indus Kohistān (region, Pakistan-Afghanistan)
    In the North-West Frontier, Kohistān is that sparsely populated area of Pakistan which lies west of Chilas in Kashmir and the Kāgān Valley. The eastern part is known as Indus Kohistān (for the Indus River) and the western part, divided between Swāt Kohistān (also called Kālām) and Dīr Kohistān, extends across the northern part o...
  • Indus Plain (region, Pakistan)
    ...(as later discussed in the section on the West African monsoon), whereas those affecting the north are due to an interaction of the middle and low latitudes. The southwest monsoon over the lower Indus Plain is only 500 metres (about 1,600 feet) thick and does not hold enough moisture to bring rain. On the other hand, the upper tropospheric easterlies become stronger and constitute a true......
  • Indus River (river, Asia)
    great trans-Himalayan river of South Asia and one of the longest rivers in the world, having a length of 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometres). It has a total drainage area of about 450,000 square miles (1,165,500 square kilometres), of which 175,000 square miles lie in the Himalayan mountains and foothills and the rest in the semiarid plains of Pakistan. The river...
  • Indus river dolphin (mammal)
    ...spoonbills, geese, pochards, and wood ducks. Crocodiles, gavials (crocodile-like reptiles), pythons, and wild boars inhabit the Indus River delta area. The Indus River itself is home to the Indus river dolphin, a freshwater dolphin whose habitat has been severely stressed by hunting, pollution, and the creation of dams and barrages. At least two types of sea turtles, the green and olive......
  • Indus susu (mammal)
    ...spoonbills, geese, pochards, and wood ducks. Crocodiles, gavials (crocodile-like reptiles), pythons, and wild boars inhabit the Indus River delta area. The Indus River itself is home to the Indus river dolphin, a freshwater dolphin whose habitat has been severely stressed by hunting, pollution, and the creation of dams and barrages. At least two types of sea turtles, the green and olive......
  • Indus Valley (region, Pakistan)
    ...China alone. Most of this activity involves the use of natural floodwater, although reliance on artificially impounded storage has increased rapidly. Irrigation in the 1,300-kilometre length of the Indus Valley, for instance, depends almost exclusively on barrages (i.e., distributor canals) running down alluvial fans and along floodplains....
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