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  • Jehannet (French painter)
    Renaissance painter of portraits celebrated for the depth and delicacy of his characterization....
  • Jehoahaz (king of Judah)
    king of Judah (c. 735–720 bc) who became an Assyrian vassal (2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–8)....
  • Jehoiachin (king of Judah)
    in the Old Testament (II Kings 24), son of King Jehoiakim and king of Judah. He came to the throne at the age of 18 in the midst of the Chaldean invasion of Judah and reigned three months. He was forced to surrender to Nebuchadrezzar II and was taken to Babylon (597 bc), along with 10,000 of his subjects. Nearly 40 years later Nebuchadrezzar died, and his successor released Jehoiachi...
  • Jehoiakim (king of Judah)
    in the Old Testament (II Kings 23:34–24:17; Jer. 22:13–19; II Chron. 36:4–8), son of King Josiah and king of Judah (c. 609–598 bc). When Josiah died at Megiddo, his younger son, Jehoahaz (or Shallum), was chosen king by the Judahites, but the Egyptian conqueror Necho took Jehoahaz to Egypt and made Jehoiakim king. Jehoiakim reigned under the protect...
  • Jehol (China)
    city in northern Hebei sheng (province), China. The city is situated in the mountains separating the North China Plain from the plateaus of Inner Mongolia, approximately 110 miles (180 km) northeast of Beijing, on the Re River (Re He; “Hot River”), a small tributary of th...
  • Jehol Uplands (region, China)
    region of extremely complex and rugged topography in southwestern Liaoning province, northeastern Hopeh province, and southeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The area is mostly composed of Precambrian granites, gneiss, and crystalline shales, with some later (Mesozoic) sedimentary rocks. Extensively folded along a northeast to southwest axis, the area is also extensively faulted alon...
  • Jehonadab (Rechabite zealot)
    member of a conservative, ascetic Israelite sect that was named for Rechab, the father of Jehonadab. Jehonadab was an ally of Jehu, a 9th-century-bc king of Israel, and a zealous antagonist against the worshippers of Baal, a Canaanite fertility deity. Though of obscure origin, the Rechabites apparently were related to the Kenites, according to I Chron. 2:55, a tribe eventually absorb...
  • Jehoram (king of Israel)
    one of two contemporary Old Testament kings....
  • Jehoshaphat (king of Judah)
    king (c. 873–c. 849 bc) of Judah during the reigns in Israel of Ahab, Ahaziah, and Jehoram, with whom he maintained close political and economic alliances. Jehoshaphat aided Ahab in his unsuccessful attempt to recapture the city of Ramoth-gilead, joined Ahaziah in extending maritime trade, helped Jehoram in his battle with Moab, and married his son and successor,...
  • Jehovah (Bible)
    the God of the Israelites, his name being revealed to Moses as four Hebrew consonants (YHWH) called the tetragrammaton. After the Exile (6th century bc), and especially from the 3rd century bc on, Jews ceased to use the name Yahweh for two reasons. As Judaism became a universal religion through its proselytizing in the Greco-Roman world, the more common noun ...
  • Jehovah’s Witness (religion)
    member of a millennialist sect that developed within the larger 19th-century Adventist movement in the United States and has since spread worldwide. The Jehovah’s Witnesses are an outgrowth of the International Bible Students Association, which was founded in 1872 in Pittsburgh by Charles Taze Russell....
  • Jehu (king of Israel)
    king (c. 842–815 bc) of Israel. He was a commander of chariots for the king of Israel, Ahab, and his son Jehoram, on Israel’s frontier facing Damascus and Assyria. Ahab, son of King Omri, was eventually killed in a war with Assyria; during Jehoram’s rule, Jehu accepted the invitation of the prophet Elisha, Elijah’s successor, to lead a coup to overt...
  • Jehuda ben Moses Cohen (Spanish astronomer)
    ...assumed that the Earth was at the centre of the universe. The introduction states that the work was prepared in Toledo, Spain, for King Alfonso X of León and Castile under the direction of Jehuda ben Moses Cohen and Isaac ben Sid. Although no Castilian version survives, internal evidence—they were calculated for 1252, the initial year of the reign of Alfonso, and at the meridian.....
  • Jeitun (ancient civilization, Central Asia)
    ...in southern Turkmenistan from Paleolithic times to the present. Some of the earliest traces of agriculture in Central Asia were discovered some 20 miles (32 km) north of Ashgabat in the Neolithic Jeitun civilization, which may be dated to the 5th millennium bc. The Jeitun civilization was followed by a series of other Neolithic cultures, and a cultural unification of southern Turk...
  • “Jejak langkah” (novel by Pramoedya)
    ...after their publication, but the government subsequently banned them from circulation, and the last two volumes of the tetralogy, Jejak langkah (1985; Footsteps) and Rumah kaca (1988; House of Glass), had to be published abroad. These late works comprehensively depict Javanese society under Dutch......
  • Jejsk (Russia)
    city, Krasnodar kray (region), southwestern Russia. It was founded as a port in 1848 on the southern side of Taganrog Gulf of the Sea of Azov. Fishing and associated industries (fish canning) are important; other industries include agricultural processing. The city is a noted health resort, famed for its medicinal sulfur and mud baths. A college of agricultural technology is located in the ...
  • jejunum (anatomy)
    ...mucous lining of the last two segments of the duodenum begins the absorption of nutrients, in particular iron and calcium, before the food contents enter the next part of the small intestine, the jejunum....
  • Jekri (people)
    ethnic group inhabiting the westernmost part of the Niger River delta of extreme southern Nigeria. The Itsekiri make up an appreciable proportion of the modern towns of Sapele, Warri, Burutu, and Forcados. They speak a Yoruboid language of the Benue-Congo branch of Niger-Congo language...
  • Jekyll, Gertrude (English landscape architect)
    English landscape architect who was the most successful advocate of the natural garden and who brought to the theories of her colleague William Robinson a cultivated sensibility he lacked....
  • Jekyll Island (island, Georgia, United States)
    ...In the antebellum period, almost all of Sapelo Island became the domain of Thomas Spalding, a prominent Georgia slaveholder, planter, and legislator. In the last half of the 19th century, Jekyll Island was made an exclusive winter playground for members of the Jekyll Island Club; the Carnegie family also secured most of Cumberland Island for the same purpose. Jekyll Island was bought......
  • Jelačić, Josip, Graf (Croatian politician and soldier)
    Croatian politician and soldier who, as ban, or provincial governor, of Croatia under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, helped crush the Hungarian nationalist revolt against the empire in 1848....
  • Jelālī Revolts (Turkish history)
    rebellions in Anatolia against the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first revolt occurred in 1519 near Tokat under the leadership of Celâl, a preacher of Shīʿah Islām. Major revolts later occurred in 1526–28, 1595–1610, 1654–55, and 1658–59....
  • Jelenia Góra (Poland)
    city, Dolnośląskie województwo (province), southwestern Poland. It lies in the Sudeten (Sudety) mountains near the Czech border, at the confluence of the Bóbr and Kamienna rivers....
  • Jelgava (Latvia)
    city, Latvia, on the Lielupe River southwest of Riga. In 1226 the Brothers of the Sword, a religious and military order, built the castle of Mitau there; town status was conferred on the settlement in 1376. In 1561, when the Brothers of the Sword were dissolved, it became the capital of the dukes of Courland, and in 1795 it passed to Russia in the Third Partition of Poland. The ...
  • Jelinek, Elfriede (Austrian author)
    Austrian novelist and playwright noted for her controversial works on gender relations, female sexuality, and popular culture. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2004....
  • jellaba (garment)
    ...of heavy cream-coloured wool decorated with brightly coloured stripes or embroidery. A voluminous outer gown still worn throughout the Middle East in the Arab world is the jellaba, known as the jellabah in Tunisia, a jubbeh in Syria, a ......
  • jellabah (garment)
    ...of heavy cream-coloured wool decorated with brightly coloured stripes or embroidery. A voluminous outer gown still worn throughout the Middle East in the Arab world is the jellaba, known as the jellabah in Tunisia, a jubbeh in Syria, a ......
  • Jellicoe, John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl, Viscount Jellicoe of Scapa, Viscount Brocas of Southampton (British admiral)
    British admiral of the fleet who commanded at the crucial Battle of Jutland (May 31, 1916) during World War I....
  • Jellicoe, Sir Geoffrey Alan (British landscape architect)
    British landscape architect (b. Oct. 8, 1900, London, Eng.--d. July 17, 1996, Seaton, Devon, Eng.), considered landscape design the "mother of all arts" and for seven decades was one of its greatest practitioners. Such projects as the grounds of the Royal Lodge at Windsor, the Kennedy Memorial at Runnymede, and Sutton Place, near Guildford, Surrey, all of which featured a sensitivity to purpose an...
  • Jellinek, Adolf (European Jewish rabbi and scholar)
    rabbi and scholar who was considered to be the most forceful Jewish preacher of his time in central Europe....
  • Jellinek, Elvin M. (American physiologist)
    American physiologist who was a pioneer in the scientific study of alcoholism....
  • Jellinek, Elvin Morton (American physiologist)
    American physiologist who was a pioneer in the scientific study of alcoholism....
  • Jellinek, Georg (German philosopher)
    German legal and political philosopher who, in his book Die sozialethische Bedeutung von Recht, Unrecht und Strafe (1878; 2nd ed., 1908; “The Social-Ethical Significance of Right, Wrong, and Punishment”), defined the law as an ethical minimum—i.e., as a body of normative principles essential to civilized existence. Differing from the influential school...
  • Jelling (ancient site, Denmark)
    ...Gorm’s son and successor, Harald I (Bluetooth), claimed to have unified Denmark, conquered Norway, and Christianized the Danes. His accomplishments are inscribed in runic on a huge gravestone at Jelling, one of the so-called Jelling stones. Harald’s conquest of Norway was short-lived, however, and his son Sweyn I (Forkbeard) was forced to rewin the country. Sweyn also exhausted En...
  • Jelling stones (Danish gravestones)
    two 10th-century royal gravestones found in Jutland, best known of all Danish runic inscriptions. The earlier stone, a memorial honouring Queen Thyre, was commissioned by her husband, King Gorm the Old, last pagan king of Denmark. The other, erected in memory of his parents by Harald Bluetooth, son of Gorm and Thyre, ruler of Denmark and Norway, and Christianizer of Denmark, is a three-sided pyra...
  • jelly (confection)
    a semitransparent confection consisting of the strained juice of various fruits or vegetables, singly or in combination, sweetened, boiled, slowly simmered, and congealed, often with the aid of pectin, gelatin, or a similar substance....
  • jelly bean (candy)
    The stiff, chewy consistency of the popular gumdrop and jelly bean candies is imparted by various grain starches. Jellies made from the seaweed extract agar-agar, valued for their clarity and body, are used to coat various candy centres or to make colourful simulated fruit slices....
  • jelly fungus (order of fungus)
    ...in colour from cream to pink, yellow, or brown; sexual reproduction as teleomorph; example genera include Filobasidiella and Cryptococcus. Order TremellalesParasitic on mosses, vascular plants, or insects, although most are saprobic; basidiocarps well-formed, appearing as inconspicuous horny crusts when dry ...
  • jellyfish (marine invertebrate)
    any planktonic marine member of the class Scyphozoa (phylum Cnidaria), a group of invertebrate animals composed of about 200 described species, or of the class Cubozoa, which was formerly considered an order of Scyphozoa. The term is also frequently applied to certain other cnidarians that have a medusoid (bell- or saucer-shaped) body form, as, for example, the hydromedusae and the siphonophores (...
  • Jelly’s Last Jam (American music)
    ...City’s Apollo Theatre. Two years later he became the youngest-ever recipient of a National Endowment for the Arts grant. He portrayed a young Jelly Roll Morton in the musical Jelly’s Last Jam, which debuted in Los Angeles in 1991 before opening on Broadway the following year and touring in 1994. In 1995 Bring in ’Da Noise, Br...
  • Jelnik (Polish knight)
    Archaeological data indicate that the site was occupied by an ancient Slavic tribe. Permanent settlement was begun in the 11th century by Jelnik, a knight who built the castle Nowy Dwór. The surrounding settlement was known as Jelenia Góra. The town reached its economic zenith, mainly because of its weaving industry, in the 15th and 16th centuries but was devastated by the Thirty......
  • Jelutong Press (Malaysian company)
    After starting and helping to run several madrasahs (Islāmic schools) in Singapore (1907), Malacca (1915), and Penang (1919), Sayyid Shaykh founded the Jelutong Press in Penang in 1927. For the next 14 years, until the Japanese invasion, Jelutong published a stream of books, journals, and other publications broadly reformist in general tendency but encompassing modern literature of all......
  • Jem (Ottoman prince)
    Bayezid II was the elder son of the sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople. On the death of his father in 1481, his brother Cem contested the succession. Bayezid, supported by a strong faction of court officials at Constantinople, succeeded in taking the throne. Cem eventually sought refuge with the Knights of Saint John at Rhodes and remained a captive until his death in 1495....
  • Jem, El (Tunisia)
    ancient Roman city south of Hadrumetum (modern Sousse) in what is now Tunisia. Although it was originally a native community influenced by Carthaginian civilization, Thysdrus probably received Julius Caesar’s veterans as settlers in 45 bc. Thysdrus did not become a municipium (settlement with partial rights of citizenship) until the reign ...
  • Jemaa (Nigeria)
    town, Kaduna state, central Nigeria, near the Darroro Hills and on a road from Jos to Jagindi. A 2,000-year-old terra-cotta head discovered at Jemaa in 1944 proved to be vital to an understanding of the Nok culture, a civilization that probably flourished in the area between 900 bc and ad 200. Additional Nok sculptures were found in the 1960s at Jemaa...
  • Jemappes (Belgium)
    ...southwest of Mons. Borinage’s development was based on coal extracted from the area since the Middle Ages. The mines are no longer operative; the principal industries are metallurgy (in the town of Jemappes) and glassmaking (at Boussu). The city and workshops of Grand Hornu constitute a remarkable reconstruction (begun c. 1820) of an ancient mine and its attendant industrial compl...
  • Jember (Indonesia)
    city, Jawa Timur provinsi (province), Java, Indonesia, located at the foot of Mount Argopuro, 95 miles (153 km) southeast of Surabaya, the provincial capital. Roads and railway link it with Banyuwangi to the east, Probolinggo to the northwest, and Bondowoso and Situbondo to the northeast. Jember is an intermediary centre of trade for agricultural commodities...
  • Jemgum, Battle of (Dutch history)
    ...the Netherlands’s independence from Spain. He defeated Spanish troops at Heiligerlee, east of Groningen (May 23), where his brother Adolph was killed, but was decisively beaten by Alba’s forces at Jemgum on the Ems (July 21). After fighting alongside his brother William of Orange in another disastrous campaign in the south, he retreated to France, where he established excellent re...
  • Jemison, Mae (American physician and astronaut)
    American physician and the first African American woman to become an astronaut. In 1992 she spent more than a week orbiting Earth in the space shuttle Endeavour....
  • Jemison, Mae Carol (American physician and astronaut)
    American physician and the first African American woman to become an astronaut. In 1992 she spent more than a week orbiting Earth in the space shuttle Endeavour....
  • Jemison, Mary (American frontierswoman)
    captive of Native American Indians, whose published life story became one of the most popular in the 19th-century genre of captivity stories....
  • Jemtegaard, Genevieve (American law enforcement officer)
    In 1942 Calvin married Genevieve Jemtegaard, with later Nobel chemistry laureate Glenn T. Seaborg as best man. The married couple collaborated on an interdisciplinary project to investigate the chemical factors in the Rh blood group system. Genevieve was a juvenile probation officer, but, according to Calvin’s autobiography, “she spent a great deal of time actually in the laboratory....
  • Jen, Gish (American author)
    ...Her first novel, Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1989), was set in the bohemian world of the San Francisco Bay area during the 1960s. Other important Asian American writers included Gish Jen, whose Typical American (1991) dealt with immigrant striving and frustration; the Korean American Chang-rae Lee, who focused on family life, political awakening, and......
  • jen sheng (herb)
    (“root of heaven”), either of two herbs of the family Araliaceae, Panax quinquefolium and P. schinseng, or their roots. The root has long been used as a drug in China and as the ingredient for a stimulating tea. P. quinquefolium (see ), the North American ginseng, is native from Quebec and Manitoba southward to the coa...
  • jen-cheng (Chinese philosophy)
    ...him Confucians served the vital interests of the state as scholars not by becoming bureaucratic functionaries but by assuming the responsibility of teaching the ruling minority humane government (renzheng) and the kingly way (wangdao). In dealing with feudal lords, Mencius conducted himself not merely as a political adviser but also as a teacher of kings. Mencius made it explicit....
  • “Jen-min Jih-pao” (Chinese newspaper)
    daily newspaper published in Beijing as the official organ of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The paper was established in 1948, toward the end of China’s civil war, and has been based in Beijing since 1949....
  • jen-min kung-she (Chinese agriculture)
    type of large rural organization introduced in China in 1958. Communes began as amalgamations of collective farms; but, in contrast to the collectives, which had been engaged exclusively in agricultural activities, the communes were to become multipurpose organizations for the direction of local government and the management of all economic and social activity. Each commune was organized into prog...
  • Jen-min Sheng-li Ch’ü (canal, China)
    ...The river was restored to its former northern course in 1947. Under the People’s Republic, work along the river has included continued strengthening of the dikes and construction of the 30-mile-long People’s Victory Canal, which diverts Huang Ho water to the Wei River. A dam near the city of San-men-hsia near the Shansi border was begun in 1956 as part of an extensive flood-contro...
  • “Jen-p’u” (work by Liu Tsung-chou)
    Among Wang’s critics, Liu Zongzhou (1578–1645) was perhaps the most brilliant. His Human Schemata (Renpu) offered a rigorous phenomenological description of human mistakes as a corrective to Wang Yangming’s moral optimism. Liu’s student Huang Zongxi (1610–95) compiled a comprehensive biographical history of Ming Confucians based on Liu’s writ...
  • Jen-tsung (emperor of Song dynasty)
    temple name (miaohao) of the fourth emperor (reigned 1022–63) of the Song dynasty (960–1279) of China, one of the most able and humane rulers in Chinese history. Under him the Song government is generally believed to have come closer than ever before to reaching the Confucian ideal of just government....
  • Jen-tsung (emperor of Yuan dynasty)
    (reigned 1311–20), Mongol emperor of the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368) of China, who was a patron of literature. He distributed offices more equitably between Chinese and Mongols than had his predecessors, and during his reign commercial ties with Europe increased....
  • Jena (Germany)
    city, Thuringia Land (state), east-central Germany. It lies on the Saale River, east of Weimar. First mentioned in the 9th century as Jani, it was chartered in 1230 and belonged to the margraves of Meissen from the mid-14th century. The house of Wettin...
  • Jena, Battle of (European history)
    (Oct. 14, 1806), military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought between 122,000 French troops and 114,000 Prussians and Saxons, at Jena and Auerstädt, in Saxony (modern Germany). In the battle, Napoleon smashed the outdated Prussian army inherited from Frederick II the Great, which resulted in the reduction of Prussia to half its former size at the ...
  • Jena Bridge (bridge, Paris, France)
    ...park, the centre of which is alive with fountains, cascades, and pools. The Trocadéro Aquarium (Cinéaqua) is a few steps away in the park. From the bottom of the slope the five-arched Jena Bridge (Pont d’Iéna) leads across the river. It was built for Napoleon I in 1813 to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Jena in 1806....
  • Jena, Friedrich Schiller University of (university, Jena, Germany)
    The city’s Friedrich-Schiller University was founded by the elector John Frederick the Magnanimous in 1548 as an academy and was raised to university status in 1577. It flourished under the duke Charles Augustus, patron of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, from 1787 to 1806, when the philosophers Johann Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and Friedrich von Schelling and the writers August von....
  • Jena glass
    fine-quality glass with improved resistance to heat and shock, suited for chemical ware. It was developed for thermometers and measuring vessels, optical ware, and scientific and industrial uses....
  • Jena Romanticism (German literature)
    a first phase of Romanticism in German literature, centred in Jena from about 1798 to 1804. The group was led by the versatile writer Ludwig Tieck. Two members of the group, the brothers August Wilhelm and Friedrich von Schlegel, who laid down the theoretical basis for Romanticism in the circle’s organ, the Athen...
  • Jena, University of (university, Jena, Germany)
    The city’s Friedrich-Schiller University was founded by the elector John Frederick the Magnanimous in 1548 as an academy and was raised to university status in 1577. It flourished under the duke Charles Augustus, patron of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, from 1787 to 1806, when the philosophers Johann Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and Friedrich von Schelling and the writers August von....
  • Jena-Auerstädt, Battle of (European history)
    (Oct. 14, 1806), military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought between 122,000 French troops and 114,000 Prussians and Saxons, at Jena and Auerstädt, in Saxony (modern Germany). In the battle, Napoleon smashed the outdated Prussian army inherited from Frederick II the Great, which resulted in the reduction of Prussia to half its former size at the ...
  • Jenaer Glas
    fine-quality glass with improved resistance to heat and shock, suited for chemical ware. It was developed for thermometers and measuring vessels, optical ware, and scientific and industrial uses....
  • Jenaer Romantik (German literature)
    a first phase of Romanticism in German literature, centred in Jena from about 1798 to 1804. The group was led by the versatile writer Ludwig Tieck. Two members of the group, the brothers August Wilhelm and Friedrich von Schlegel, who laid down the theoretical basis for Romanticism in the circle’s organ, the Athen...
  • Jenakijevo (Ukraine)
    city, eastern Ukraine. It lies along the Krynka River. A pig-iron concern began there in 1858 but lasted only eight years; not until the first coal mines opened in the locality in 1883 did industrialization begin. A metallurgical factory established in 1895–97 was later reconstructed. The city, incorporated in 1925, ultimately developed a wide industrial base, with numero...
  • Jenatsch, Georg (Swiss political leader)
    Swiss political and military leader of the Grisons (now Graubünden, the most easterly of Swiss cantons) during the complex struggles of the Thirty Years’ War....
  • Jenatzy, Camille (French inventor)
    ...the electric offered attractive selling points: notably, instant self-start, silent operation, and minimal maintenance. The first automobile to exceed 100 km (60 miles) per hour was an electric (Camille Jenatzy’s La Jamais Contente, 1899). An electric, also Jenatzy’s, had been the easy winner in 1898 of a French hill-climb contest to assay the three forms of pow...
  • Jencks, Christopher (American journalist)
    ...
  • Jencks v. United States (law case)
    ...loyalty oath cases; in his dissent in StateTune (1953), in which the defendant was denied a copy of the confession; and in JencksUnited States (1957), in which Brennan gave the court’s opinion, establishing a defendant’s right to examine the reports of government witne...
  • Jendouba (Tunisia)
    town, northwestern Tunisia, about 95 miles (150 km) west of Tunis. It lies along the middle Wadi Majardah (Medjerda). The town was developed on the railway from Tunis to Algeria during the French protectorate (1881–1955) and still serves as an important crossroads and administrative centre on the route from Tunis to...
  • Jenghiz Khan (Mongolian emperor)
    Mongolian warrior-ruler, one of the most famous conquerors of history, who consolidated tribes into a unified Mongolia and then extended his empire across Asia to the Adriatic Sea....
  • Jengish Chokusu (mountain, Asia)
    mountain in the eastern Kakshaal (Kokshaal-Tau) Range of the Tien Shan, on the frontier of Kyrgyzstan and China. It was first identified in 1943 as the tallest peak (24,406 feet [7,439 metres]) in the Tien Shan range and the second highest peak in what was then the Soviet Union; it is now the highest peak in Kyrgyzstan. It...
  • Jenīn (town in the West Bank)
    town in the West Bank. Originally administered as part of the British mandate of Palestine (1920–48), Janīn was in the area annexed by Jordan in 1950 following the first of the Arab-Israeli wars (1948–49). After the Six-Day War of 1967, it was part of the West Bank territory under Israeli occupation until coming under the administration of...
  • Jenkin, Fleeming (British engineer)
    British engineer noted for his work in establishing units of electrical measurement....
  • Jenkin, Henry Charles Fleeming (British engineer)
    British engineer noted for his work in establishing units of electrical measurement....
  • Jenkins, Charles Francis (American inventor)
    This concept was eventually used by John Logie Baird in Britain (see the photograph) and Charles Francis Jenkins in the United States to build the world’s first successful televisions. The question of priority depends on one’s definition of television. In 1922 Jenkins sent a still picture by radio waves, but the first true television success, the transmission of a live human f...
  • Jenkins, David (American figure skater)
    American figure skater who won a gold medal at the 1960 Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley, Calif....
  • Jenkins’ Ear, War of (European history)
    war between Great Britain and Spain that began in October 1739 and eventually merged into the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48). It was precipitated by an incident that took place in 1738 when Captain Robert Jenkins appeared before a committee of the House of Commons and exhibited what he alleged to be his own amputated ear, cut off in April 1731 in the West Indies...
  • Jenkins, Fergie (Canadian-American athlete)
    Canadian-born professional baseball player, one of the premier pitchers in the game in the late 1960s and early ’70s. A hard-throwing right-hander, he won at least 20 games in each of six consecutive seasons (1967–72) while playing for the Chicago Cubs. In 1971, in recognition of his 24–13 record, 263 strikeouts, and 2.77 earned run averag...
  • Jenkins, Ferguson Arthur (Canadian-American athlete)
    Canadian-born professional baseball player, one of the premier pitchers in the game in the late 1960s and early ’70s. A hard-throwing right-hander, he won at least 20 games in each of six consecutive seasons (1967–72) while playing for the Chicago Cubs. In 1971, in recognition of his 24–13 record, 263 strikeouts, and 2.77 earned run averag...
  • Jenkins, George (American production designer and art director)
    Original Screenplay: Paddy Chayefsky for NetworkAdapted Screenplay: William Goldman for All the President’s MenCinematography: Haskell Wexler for Bound for GloryArt Direction: George Jenkins for All the President’s MenOriginal Score: Jerry Goldsmith for The OmenOriginal Score and Its Adaptation or Adaptation Score: Leonard Rosenman for Bound For...
  • Jenkins, Gordon (American arranger and composer)
    ...Billy May on outstanding up-tempo albums such as Come Fly with Me (1958) and Come Dance with Me! (1959), and with the arranger-composer Gordon Jenkins, whose lush string arrangements heightened the melancholy atmosphere of Where Are You? (1957) and No One Cares (1959)....
  • Jenkins, Harold Lloyd (American singer)
    (HAROLD LLOYD JENKINS), U.S. singer (b. Sept. 1, 1933, Friars Point, Miss.--d. June 5, 1993, Springfield, Mo.), was a successful songwriter and rockabilly star who struck gold with the 1958 pop recording "It’s Only Make Believe" and, when his star began to wane in the early 1960s, reinvented his image and used his rich, tremulous baritone to specialize in country ballads. Twitty, backed up...
  • Jenkins, Hayes Alan (American figure skater)
    American figure skater who won a gold medal at the 1956 Winter Games in Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy....
  • Jenkins, John (English composer)
    composer, lutenist, and string player, most eminent composer in his era of music for chamber ensembles. He was musician to Charles I and Charles II and served patrons from the nobility and gentry, notably Sir Hamon L’Estrange and Lord North, whose son refers to Jenkins in his writings. His last patron was Sir Philip Wodehouse of Kimberley....
  • Jenkins, Leroy (American musician)
    American musician who became the leading free-jazz violinist by improvising long atonal, arrhythmic, rhapsodic lines. Jenkins was among the members of Chicago’s Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians who in 1969–70 introduced AACM sonic and formal innovations in Europe and New York City. He played (1971–77) in the noted New York trio the Revolutionary Ensemble,...
  • Jenkins, Mary Elizabeth (American businesswoman)
    American boardinghouse operator, who, with three others, was convicted of conspiracy to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln....
  • Jenkins of Hillhead, Baron (British politician)
    British politician, a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Community. Formerly a Labourite, he was the first leader of the Social Democratic Party (1982–83) and later was leader of the Social and Liberal Democratic Peers (1988–98)....
  • Jenkins, Richard Walter, Jr. (British actor)
    British stage and motion-picture actor noted for his portrayals of highly intelligent and articulate men who are world-weary, cynical, or self-destructive....
  • Jenkins, Roy, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead (British politician)
    British politician, a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Community. Formerly a Labourite, he was the first leader of the Social Democratic Party (1982–83) and later was leader of the Social and Liberal Democratic Peers (1988–98)....
  • Jenkins, Roy Harris (British politician)
    British politician, a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Community. Formerly a Labourite, he was the first leader of the Social Democratic Party (1982–83) and later was leader of the Social and Liberal Democratic Peers (1988–98)....
  • Jenkinson, Anthony (English explorer)
    ...general, Richard Chancellor. Chancellor and his men wintered in the White Sea, and next spring “after much adoe at last came to Mosco.” Between 1557 and 1560, another English voyager, Anthony Jenkinson, following up this opening, travelled from the White Sea to Moscow, then to the Caspian, and so on to Bukhara, thus reaching the old east–west trade routes by a new way. Soon...
  • Jenkinson, Charles (British politician)
    politician who held numerous offices in the British government under King George III and was the object of widespread suspicion as well as deference because of his reputed clandestine influence at court. It was believed that he in some way controlled the relationship between the king and Lord North, prime minister (1770–82) during the American Revolution....
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