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  • Pantycelyn, Williams (British religious leader)
    leader of the Methodist revival in Wales and its chief hymn writer....
  • Pánuco River (river, Mexico)
    river in Veracruz state, east-central Mexico. Formed by the junction of the Moctezuma and Tamuín rivers on the San Luis Potosí–Veracruz state line, the Pánuco meanders generally east-northeastward past the town of Pánuco to the Gulf of Mexico about 6 miles (10 km) below Tampico. Just upstream from Tampico and Ciudad Madero, t...
  • Panufnik, Sir Andrzej (British composer and conductor)
    Polish-born British composer and conductor, who created compositions in a distinctive contemporary Polish style though he worked in a wide variety of genres....
  • Panum’s fusional area (psychology)
    ...and B′ would be seen double, or one double image would be suppressed. There is thus a certain zone of disparity that, if not exceeded, allows fusion of disparate points. This is called Panum’s fusional area; it is the area on one retina such that any point in it will fuse with a single point on the other retina....
  • Panuridae (bird)
    family of songbirds, order Passeriformes, consisting of the parrotbills (see ) and bearded tits, about 19 species of small titmouselike birds found in the thickets of temperate Eurasia....
  • Panurus biarmicus (bird)
    (species Panurus biarmicus), songbird often placed in the family Panuridae (order Passeriformes) but of uncertain relationships (see Muscicapidae). It lives in reedy marshes from England to eastern Asia. About 16 cm (6.5 inches) long, the male wears subtle reddish, yellowish, and gray colours and has black moustaches, which are erectile (hence, “bearded...
  • Panyassis (epic poet)
    epic poet from Halicarnassus, on the coast of Asia Minor. Panyassis was the uncle (or cousin) of the historian Herodotus. He was condemned to death by the tyrant Lygdamis about 460 bc. The Roman rhetorician Quintilian stated that some later critics regarded Panyassis’s work as being second only to Homer’s. His chi...
  • Panych, Morris (Canadian playwright and actor)
    ...Criminals in Love (1985), set in Toronto’s working-class east end; and Suburban Motel (1997), a cycle of six plays set in a motel room. Playwright and actor Morris Panych achieved renown for the nonverbal The Overcoat (1997), 7 Stories (1990), and Girl in the Goldfish Bowl (20...
  • Panza, Sancho (character in Don Quixote)
    Don Quixote’s squire in the novel Don Quixote by Cervantes, a short, pot-bellied peasant whose gross appetite, common sense, and vulgar wit serve as a foil to the mad idealism of his master. He is famous for his many pertinent proverbs. Cervantes used the psychological differences between the two characters to explore the conflict between the ideal and the real and...
  • panzer (German tank)
    series of battle tanks fielded by the German army in the 1930s and ’40s. The six tanks in the series constituted virtually all of Germany’s tank production from 1934 until the end of World War II in 1945. Panzers provided the striking power of Germany’s panzer (armoured) divisions throughout the war....
  • panzer division (military unit)
    (“armoured division”), a self-contained, combined-arms military unit of the German army, built around and deriving its mission largely from the capabilities of armoured fighting vehicles. A panzer division in World War II consisted of a tank brigade with four battalions; a motorized infantry brigade with four rifle battalions; an artillery regim...
  • Panzer, Georg Wolfgang (German author)
    ...wherein scholars researched the titles produced in the incunabula period and grouped them according to certain criteria. The first comprehensive attempt to catalog incunabula in general was made by Georg Wolfgang Panzer in his five-volume Annales Typographici ab Artis Inventae Origine ad Annum MD (1793–97); this listed the books chronologically under printing......
  • Panzer Group West (German military)
    ...were crucial to the security of his theatre. Both of these forces reported to their own high commands, which in turn reported to Hitler. The same situation applied to the theatre armoured reserve, Panzer Group West: its commander was to deliberate in concert with the OBW, yet none of its well-armed, mobile divisions was to be moved without the explicit permission of the Führer. Finally,....
  • Panzerfaust (weapon)
    shoulder-type German antitank weapon that was widely used in World War II. The first model, the Panzerfaust 30, was developed in 1943 for use by infantry against Soviet tanks. The Panzerfaust consisted of a steel tube containing a propellant charge of gunpowder. The grenade, which consisted of a small bo...
  • Panzerfaust 100 (weapon)
    ...a tank with it. The next two models of the weapon were given larger propellant charges in order to drive grenades to distances of up to 60 and 100 metres (about 200 and 330 feet), respectively. The Panzerfaust 100, which entered service in November 1944, weighed 5 kg (11 pounds), was 104 cm (41 inches) long, and launched a grenade containing 1.6 kg (3.5 pounds) of high explosive. The fourth and...
  • Panzerfaust 30 (weapon)
    shoulder-type German antitank weapon that was widely used in World War II. The first model, the Panzerfaust 30, was developed in 1943 for use by infantry against Soviet tanks. The Panzerfaust consisted of a steel tube containing a propellant charge of gunpowder. The grenade, which consisted of a small bomb attached to a wooden stem and fins, was inserted into the front end of the tube. When a......
  • Panzerkampfwagen (German tank)
    series of battle tanks fielded by the German army in the 1930s and ’40s. The six tanks in the series constituted virtually all of Germany’s tank production from 1934 until the end of World War II in 1945. Panzers provided the striking power of Germany’s panzer (armoured) divisions throughout the war....
  • Panzerschreck (weapon)
    shoulder-type rocket launcher used as an antitank weapon by Germany in World War II. The Panzerschreck consisted of a lightweight steel tube about 1.5 metres (5 feet) long that weighed about 9 kg (20 pounds). The tube was open at both ends and was fitted with a hand grip, a trigger mechanism, and sights. The tube launched a 3.3-kg (7.25-pound) rocket-propelled...
  • Panzerwaffe (German military force)
    ...and take up tanks—in effect taking the tactical principles pioneered by light infantry in World War I and developing, modifying, and adapting them to armoured warfare. As a result, the Panzerwaffe was an elite force that grew out of the cavalry rather than the infantry, but it retained many elements of the latter’s mode of operations, including an emphasis on interarm......
  • p’ao (clothing)
    wide-sleeved robe of a style worn by Chinese men and women from the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220) to the end of the Ming dynasty (1644). The pao was girdled about the waist and fell in voluminous folds around the feet. From the Tang period (618–907), certain designs, colours, and accessories were used to distingui...
  • pao (Chinese court circular)
    ...Acta Diurna. Published daily from 59 bc, it was hung in prominent places and recorded important social and political events. In China during the T’ang dynasty a court circular called a pao, or “report,” was issued to government officials. This gazette appeared in various forms and under various names more or less continually to the end of the Ch...
  • pao (clothing)
    wide-sleeved robe of a style worn by Chinese men and women from the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220) to the end of the Ming dynasty (1644). The pao was girdled about the waist and fell in voluminous folds around the feet. From the Tang period (618–907), certain designs, colours, and accessories were used to distingui...
  • Pão de Açúcar (mountain, Brazil)
    landmark peak overlooking Rio de Janeiro and the entrance of Guanabara Bay, in southeastern Brazil. Named for its shape, the conical, granitic peak (1,296 feet [395 m]) lies at the end of a short range between Rio de Janeiro and the Atlantic Ocean. At its base is the fortress of São João. A cable car runs from its summit to the adjacent Urca Hill, near the foot of which is the site o...
  • Pao Hsi (Chinese mythological emperor)
    first of China’s mythical emperors. His miraculous birth, as a divine being with a serpent’s body, is said to have occurred in the 29th century bc. Some representations show him as a leaf-wreathed head growing out of a mountain or as a man clothed with animal skins. Fu Hsi is said to have discovered the famous Chinese trigrams used in divination and thus to have contrib...
  • Pao River (river, Venezuela)
    ...Shoals and alluvial islands are abundant; some of the islands are large enough to divide the channel into narrow passages. Tributaries include the Guárico, Manapire, Suatá (Zuata), Pao, and Caris rivers, which enter on the left bank, and the Cuchivero and Caura rivers, which join the main stream on the right. So much sediment is carried by these rivers that islands often form......
  • Pao-chi (China)
    city, western Shaanxi sheng (province), north-central China. Situated on the north bank of the Wei River, it has been a strategic and transportation centre since early times, controlling the northern end of a pass across the Qin (Tsinling) Mountains, the only practicable route from the Wei valley into ...
  • pao-chia (Chinese social system)
    traditional Chinese system of collective neighbourhood organization, by means of which the government was able to maintain order and control through all levels of society, while employing relatively few officials....
  • pao-kao wen-hsüeh (Chinese literary genre)
    ...chieh k’ang-ti hsieh-hui (“All-China Anti-Japanese Federation of Writers and Artists”), founded in 1938 and directed by Lao She. All genres were represented, including reportage (pao-kao wen-hsüeh), an enormously influential type of writing that was a natural outgrowth of the federation’s call for writers to go to the countryside and the front lines. Li...
  • Pao-p’u-tzu (work by Ko Hung)
    In his youth he received a Confucian education, but later he grew interested in the Taoist cult of physical immortality (hsien). His monumental work, Pao-p’u-tzu (“He Who Holds to Simplicity”), is divided into two parts. The first part, “The 20 Inner Chapters,” discusses Ko’s alchemical studies. Ko gives a recipe for an elixir called gold cin...
  • Pao-p’u-tzu (Chinese philosopher)
    perhaps the best-known Taoist alchemist of China, who tried to combine Confucian ethics with the occult doctrines of Taoism....
  • Pao-ting (China)
    city, southwest-central Hebei sheng (province), China. It is situated in a well-watered area on the western edge of the North China Plain; the Taihang Mountains rise a short distance to the west. Situated on the main road from Beijing through western Hebei, it is southwest of the cap...
  • Pao-t’ou (China)
    city, central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northern China. Baotou, a prefecture-level municipality, is situated on the north bank of the Huang He (Yellow River) on its great northern bend, about 100 miles (160 km) west of Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia....
  • Paola (Malta)
    town, eastern Malta, just south of Valletta and adjacent to Tarxien to the southeast. Founded in 1626 by the grand master of the Hospitallers (Knights of Malta), Antoine de Paule, it remained a small village until the late 19th century, when it grew rapidly as a residential district for workers from the adjacent Grand Harbour dockyards. It has a well-preserved Neolithic temple a...
  • Paolazzi, Leo (Italian poet)
    ...undeterred creative experimentalist; Nanni Balestrini, who would subsequently publish the left-wing political collage Vogliamo tutto (1971; “We Want It All”); and Antonio Porta (pseudonym of Leo Paolazzi), whose untimely death at age 54 cut short the career of one of the less abstractly theoretical of these poets. At a subsequent meeting held near Palermo in......
  • Paoli, Pasquale (Corsican statesman)
    Corsican statesman and patriot who was responsible for ending Genoese rule of Corsica and for establishing enlightened rule and reforms....
  • Paolina Borghese as Venus Victrix (sculpture by Canova)
    ...Among his works are the tombs of popes Clement XIV (1783–87) and Clement XIII (1787–92) and statues of Napoleon and of his sister Princess Borghese reclining as Venus Victrix. He was created a marquis for his part in retrieving works of art from Paris after Napoleon’s defeat....
  • Paolo and Francesca (painting by Ingres)
    ...of medieval and Renaissance subjects that reflected the artistic mannerisms of the periods depicted. Typical of Ingres’s production in this category is the 1819 painting Paolo and Francesca. The work, which illustrates the tragic demise of two ill-fated lovers from Dante’s Inferno, features somewhat stiff, doll-like figures...
  • Paolo da Venezia (Italian artist)
    a principal Venetian painter of the Byzantine style in 14th-century Venice. Paolo and his son Giovanni signed a “Coronation of the Virgin” (Frick Collection, New York City) in 1358 that is the last known work by him. A second “Coronation of the Virgin” (National Gallery, Washington, D.C.), which is dated 1324, is also attributed to Paolo. Other known ...
  • Paolo Di Venezia (Italian philosopher)
    Italian Augustinian philosopher and theologian who gained recognition as an educator and author of works on logic. ...
  • Paolo Farinato (Italian artist)
    Italian painter, engraver, and architect, one of the leading 16th-century painters at Verona....
  • Paolo Manuzio (Italian printer)
    Renaissance printer, third son of the founder of the Aldine Press, Aldus Manutius the Elder....
  • Paolo Veneto (Italian philosopher)
    Italian Augustinian philosopher and theologian who gained recognition as an educator and author of works on logic. ...
  • Paolo Veneziano (Italian artist)
    a principal Venetian painter of the Byzantine style in 14th-century Venice. Paolo and his son Giovanni signed a “Coronation of the Virgin” (Frick Collection, New York City) in 1358 that is the last known work by him. A second “Coronation of the Virgin” (National Gallery, Washington, D.C.), which is dated 1324, is also attributed to Paolo. Other known ...
  • Paolozzi, Sir Eduardo Luigi (British artist)
    British artist (b. March 7, 1924, Leith, Scot.—d. April 22, 2005, London, Eng.), helped launch the British Pop art movement with a series of collages based on mass-media images and later became one of England’s leading sculptors. Paolozzi studied art in Edinburgh and London, and in 1947 he moved to Paris, where he became immersed in Surrealism and Dada. During this time he began to c...
  • PAP (political party, Singapore)
    ...every adult citizen who is a registered voter, and voting is compulsory. A number of parties contest elections, but since 1959 Singaporean politics have been dominated by the People’s Action Party (PAP). The PAP’s ability to maintain its control largely has been attributable to Singapore’s rapid economic growth and improved social welfare. In addition, the PAP often has sup...
  • Pap smear (medicine)
    laboratory method of obtaining secretions from the cervix for the examination of cast-off epithelial cells to detect the presence of cancer. The Pap smear, named for Greek-born American physician George Papanicolaou, is notably reliable in detecting the early stages of cancer in the uterine cervix. Two specimens are usually taken for laborat...
  • Pap test (medicine)
    ...also from the endometrium (the mucous coat of the uterus) and the ovaries. The traditional Pap smear, in which cells are literally smeared directly onto a glass slide, is now less common than the Pap test, in which the cells are first placed in a liquid medium before processing. The latter method has the advantage of allowing the laboratory technician to centrifuge the cells and to filter......
  • Pápa (Hungary)
    city, Veszprém megye (county), northwest Hungary, on the northwest edge of the Bakony Mountains, alongside the Tapolca River, a tributary of the Rába. Its interesting and historic old houses, churches, museums, and libraries attract many visitors annually. The former Esterházy Castle, surrounded...
  • Papa Bear (American sportsman)
    founder, owner, and head coach of the Chicago Bears gridiron football team in the U.S. professional National Football League (NFL). Halas revolutionized American football strategy in the late 1930s when he, along with assistant coach Clark Shaughnessy, revived the T formation and added to it the “man in motion” (a player moving prior to the start...
  • Papa Hamlet (work by Holz and Schlaf)
    ...arena for new controversial plays presented only to private audiences in order to escape censorship. Arno Holz and Johannes Schlaf published three prose sketches under the title Papa Hamlet (1889), in which the characters’ actions are captured in minute, realistic detail. The technique was known as Sekundenstil......
  • Papá Montero (Cuban baseball player and manager)
    Cuban professional baseball player and manager who was the first player from Latin America to become a star in the U.S. major leagues....
  • Papa Wendo (Congolese musician)
    Congolese musician who helped lay the foundations of Congolese rumba, a form of lilting Afropop dance music that combines indigenous traditional songs with Afro-Cuban rumba rhythms. He was orphaned as a boy and eventually earned a living as a professional boxer while singing part time until he scored a massive hit with “Marie-Louise” (recorded in 1948), which made great use of his di...
  • papacy (Roman Catholicism)
    the office and jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome, the pope (Latin: papa, from Greek pappas, “father”), who presides over the central government of the Roman Catholic church, the largest of the three major branches of Christianity. The term pope was originally applied to all the bish...
  • Papadiamandis, Alexandros (Greek writer)
    ...of the Greek short story, Geórgios Vizyenós, combined autobiography with an effective use of psychological analysis and suspense. The most famous and prolific short-story writer, Aléxandros Papadiamándis, produced a wealth of evocations of his native island of Skiáthos imbued with a profound sense of Christian tradition and a compassion for country folk;......
  • Papadiamantópoulos, Yánnis (French poet)
    Greek-born poet who played a leading part in the French Symbolist movement....
  • Papadopoulos, Dimitrios (Greek patriarch)
    269th ecumenical patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox church....
  • Papadopoulos, Giorgios (dictator of Greece)
    Greek dictator (b. May 5, 1919, Eleochorion, Greece—d. June 27, 1999, Athens, Greece), led “the colonels,” the military junta that overthrew his country’s elected government on April 21, 1967, and vanquished King Constantine’s attempted counterrevolution the following December. The Papadopoulos regime was notorious for torturing political prisoners, forbidding di...
  • Papadopoulos, Tassos (president of Cyprus)
    On Feb. 16, 2003, with a convincing 51.5% of the vote, Tassos Papadopoulos triumphed over Glafcos Clerides, president of Cyprus for the preceding 10 years, and eight other candidates to become the island nation’s fifth president. Papadopoulos had a reputation as a constitutional expert, and his skill would soon be put to the test. The elections were held at a crossroads in Cyprus his...
  • papagallo (fish)
    (Nematistius pectoralis), popular game fish of the family Nematistiidae, related to the jack family, Carangidae (order Perciformes). In the Gulf of California roosterfish commonly reach weights of 9 kilograms (20 pounds) and occasional specimens weigh as much as 32 kg. They are ferocious fighters when hooked on fishing tackle by trolling or casting. A shiny bluish-gray in body colour, roost...
  • Papago (people)
    North American Indians who traditionally inhabited the desert regions of present-day Arizona, U.S., and northern Sonora, Mex....
  • Papagos, Alexandros (Greek statesman)
    soldier and statesman who late in life organized a political party and became premier (1952–55) of Greece....
  • papain (enzyme)
    enzyme present in the milky juice of the papaya that catalyzes the breakdown of proteins by hydrolysis (addition of a water molecule). Papain is used in biochemical research involving the analysis of proteins, in preparations of various remedies for indigestion, in tenderizing meat, and in enzyme-action cleansing agents for soft contact lenses. A related enzyme from the same sou...
  • Pāpak (Persian prince)
    Ardashīr was the son of Bābak, who was the son or descendant of Sāsān and was a vassal of the chief petty king in Persis, Gochihr. After Bābak got Ardashīr the military post of argabad in the town of Dārābgerd (near modern Darab, Iran), Ardashīr extended his control over several neighbouring cities. Meanwhile, Bābak had s...
  • Pāpak (Iranian religious leader)
    leader of the Iranian Khorram-dīnān, a religious sect that arose following the execution of Abū Muslim, who had rebelled against the ʿAbbāsid caliphate. Denying that Abū Muslim was dead, the sect predicted that he would return to spread justice throughout the world. Bābak led a new revolt against the ʿAbbāsids that was put down in 837....
  • papakancha (Incan unit of measurement)
    ...units of human energy expended. Somehow, two measurements that belonged to very different European systems of reckoning were part of a single Andean concern. Units of land measurement, called papakancha, also differed: where the land was in continuous cultivation, as in corn country, one unit was used; another unit was in use for highland-tuber cultivation, where fallowing and......
  • papal brief (papal)
    ...such as ad perpetuam rei memoriam (“that the matter may be perpetually known”) in the superscription. Yet another new papal document appeared at the end of the 14th century, the brief (breve), used for the popes’ private or even secret correspondence. Written not in the chancery but, instead, by papal secretaries (an office dating from about 1338), the briefs ...
  • papal bull (Roman Catholicism)
    in Roman Catholicism, an official papal letter or document. The name is derived from the lead seal (bulla) traditionally affixed to such documents. Since the 12th century it has designated a letter from the pope carrying a bulla that shows the heads of the apostles Peter and Paul on one side and the pope’s signature on the other....
  • papal chancery (Roman Catholicism)
    Knowledge about early papal documents is scant because no originals survive from before the 9th century, and extant copies of earlier documents are often much abridged. But it is clear that the popes at first imitated the form of the letters of the Roman emperors. The papal protocol consisted only of the superscription and address and the final protocol of the pope’s personal......
  • papal council (religion)
    (from Latin consistorium, “assembly place”), a gathering of ecclesiastical persons for the purpose of administering justice or transacting business, particularly meetings of the Sacred College of Cardinals with the pope as president. From the 11th century, when the institution of the cardinalate became more important, the Sacred College of Cardinals, assemb...
  • papal diadem (papal dress)
    in Roman Catholicism, a triple crown worn by the pope or carried in front of him, used at some nonliturgical functions such as processions. Beehive-shaped, it is about 15 inches (38 cm) high and is made of silver cloth and ornamented with three diadems, with two streamers, known as lappets, hanging from the back....
  • papal document (Roman Catholicism)
    Knowledge about early papal documents is scant because no originals survive from before the 9th century, and extant copies of earlier documents are often much abridged. But it is clear that the popes at first imitated the form of the letters of the Roman emperors. The papal protocol consisted only of the superscription and address and the final protocol of the pope’s personal......
  • Papal Gendarmerie (Vatican City police)
    former police force of Vatican City. The Pontifical, or Papal, Gendarmerie was created in the 19th century under the formal supervision of the pope. The gendarmes were responsible for maintaining the internal order and security of Vatican City. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries they shared jurisdiction with the long-established Swiss Guards...
  • papal infallibility (Roman Catholicism)
    in Roman Catholic theology, the doctrine that the pope, acting as supreme teacher and under certain conditions, cannot err when he teaches in matters of faith or morals. As an element of the broader understanding of the infallibility of the church, this doctrine is based on the belief that the church has been entrusted with the teaching mission of Jesus Christ and that, in view of its mandate fro...
  • papal legate (Roman Catholicism)
    in the Roman Catholic Church, a cleric sent on a mission, ecclesiastical or diplomatic, by the pope as his personal representative. Three types of legates are recognized by canon law. A legatus a latere (a legate sent from the pope’s side, as it were) is a cardinal who represents the pope on some special assignment with such powers as are delegated to him. Nuncios,...
  • Papal Palace (building, Avignon, France)
    Papal legates continued to govern Avignon until 1791, when it was annexed by the French National Assembly. In its seizure, there was bloodshed and the interior of the Palais des Papes (Popes’ Palace) was wrecked. The palace, a formidable eight-towered fortress on a rock 190 feet (58 metres) above Avignon, was used as a barracks from 1822 to 1906....
  • papal primacy (Roman Catholicism)
    ...Rome with a prerogative that was the first legal recognition of the bishop of Rome’s jurisdiction over the other sees and was, therefore, the basis for the further development of the Roman bishop’s primacy as pope....
  • Papal Secretariat (Roman Catholic official)
    Responsibility for the coordination of curial activities belongs to the cardinal who, as secretary of state, directs both the Secretariat of State (or Papal Secretariat) and the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church (the latter previously known as the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs). The various sacred congregations of the Curia are concerned with......
  • Papal Secretariat of State (Roman Catholic official)
    Responsibility for the coordination of curial activities belongs to the cardinal who, as secretary of state, directs both the Secretariat of State (or Papal Secretariat) and the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church (the latter previously known as the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs). The various sacred congregations of the Curia are concerned with......
  • Papal States (historical region, Italy)
    territories of central Italy over which the pope had sovereignty from 756 to 1870. Included were the modern Italian regions of Lazio (Latium), Umbria, and Marche and part of Emilia-Romagna, though the extent of the territory, along with the degree of papal control, varied over the centuries....
  • papalagi (people)
    ...synthesized the history, myths, and other oral traditions with contemporary written fiction, unifying them with his unique vision. His fiction portrays the traditions and mores of the papalagi (people descended from Europeans) and depicts their effect on Samoan culture. An early example of this theme appears in Sons for the Return Home (1973), his first novel. His.....
  • Papaleo, Anthony (American actor)
    American actor (b. Oct. 25, 1928, New York, N.Y.—d. Jan. 19, 2006, Los Angeles, Calif.), won critical acclaim for his stage and film work in the 1950s and early 1960s. He made his Broadway debut in 1953 in End as a Man and won a Tony nomination in 1955 for his performance in A Hatful of Rain. In 1957 Franciosa starred in the film version of A Hatful of Rain. He appeared...
  • Papaleo, Guglielmo (American boxer)
    American professional boxer, world featherweight (126 pounds) champion during the 1940s. Pep specialized in finesse rather than slugging prowess and competed successfully in the 1940s, ’50s, and ’60s. His rivalry with American Sandy Saddler is considered one of the greatest of 20th-century American pugilism....
  • Papaloapan River (river, Mexico)
    river in Veracruz state, southeastern Mexico. It is formed by the junction of several rivers in Oaxaca state near the Veracruz–Oaxaca border and meanders generally northeastward for 76 miles (122 km) to Alvarado Lagoon, just south of Alvarado. Its chief headstreams include the Santo Domingo, Tonto, and Valle Nacional, which rise in the Sierra Madre Orie...
  • Papandreou, Andreas (prime minister of Greece)
    politician and educator who was prime minister of Greece from 1981 to 1989 and from 1993 to 1996....
  • Papandreou, Andreas Georgios (prime minister of Greece)
    politician and educator who was prime minister of Greece from 1981 to 1989 and from 1993 to 1996....
  • Papandreou, George (archbishop of Athens)
    archbishop of Athens and regent of Greece during the civil war of 1944–46, under whose regency came a period of political reconstruction. He was a private in the army during the Balkan Wars (1912) and was ordained priest in 1917....
  • Papandreou, George A. (Greek politician)
    Reflecting the dynastic nature of Greek politics, Andreas Papandreou’s son George A. Papandreou was elected party leader in 2004 as public support for Simitis diminished. With a lack of progress on the economy and disenchantment with government preparation for the 2004 Summer Olympic Games to be held in Athens, PASOK was defeated decisively by New Democracy in the 2004 elections. PASOK...
  • Papandreou, Georgios (prime minister of Greece)
    Greek liberal politician who was three times prime minister of his country....
  • Papanicolaou, George (American mathematician)
    ...related work, Varadhan and American mathematician Daniel Stroock studied diffusion processes and obtained important results in population genetics. In work with the Greek-born American mathematician George Papanicolaou and Chinese mathematician Maozheng Guo, Varadhan obtained important new results in hydrodynamics, which he later extended to give new methods for the theory of random walks, the....
  • Papanicolaou smear (medicine)
    laboratory method of obtaining secretions from the cervix for the examination of cast-off epithelial cells to detect the presence of cancer. The Pap smear, named for Greek-born American physician George Papanicolaou, is notably reliable in detecting the early stages of cancer in the uterine cervix. Two specimens are usually taken for laborat...
  • Papantla (Mexico)
    city, north-central Veracruz estado (state), east-central Mexico. Formerly known as Papantla de Hidalgo, the city lies in the hills dividing the Cazones and Tecolutla river basins. Corn (maize), beans, tobacco, and fruits flourish in the hot, humid climate. The city is the centre of Mexico’s most important vanilla-producing region; almost all the vanilla is exported. ...
  • Papantla de Hidalgo (Mexico)
    city, north-central Veracruz estado (state), east-central Mexico. Formerly known as Papantla de Hidalgo, the city lies in the hills dividing the Cazones and Tecolutla river basins. Corn (maize), beans, tobacco, and fruits flourish in the hot, humid climate. The city is the centre of Mexico’s most important vanilla-producing region; almost all the vanilla is exported. ...
  • Papantla de Olarte (Mexico)
    city, north-central Veracruz estado (state), east-central Mexico. Formerly known as Papantla de Hidalgo, the city lies in the hills dividing the Cazones and Tecolutla river basins. Corn (maize), beans, tobacco, and fruits flourish in the hot, humid climate. The city is the centre of Mexico’s most important vanilla-producing region; almost all the vanilla is exported. ...
  • Papapetrou, Petros (Greek cleric)
    Greek Orthodox cleric (b. Sept. 3, 1949, Sichari, British Cyprus—d. Sept. 11, 2004, while flying over the Aegean Sea), viewed his position as the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Africa as an opportunity to strengthen and spread the message of Greek Orthodoxy throughout that continent and to promote Christian-Muslim dialogue. He arrived in Alexandria, Egypt, in the 1970s to serve as a deacon to ...
  • paparazzi (photography)
    ...indictment of popular media, decadent intellectuals, and aristocrats. Immediately hailed as one of the most important films ever made, La dolce vita contributed the word paparazzi (unscrupulous yellow-press photographers) to the English language and the adjective “Felliniesque” to the lexicon of film critics....
  • paparazzo (photography)
    ...indictment of popular media, decadent intellectuals, and aristocrats. Immediately hailed as one of the most important films ever made, La dolce vita contributed the word paparazzi (unscrupulous yellow-press photographers) to the English language and the adjective “Felliniesque” to the lexicon of film critics....
  • Paparemborde, Robert (French rugby player)
    French rugby player (b. July 5, 1948, Laruns, France—d. April 19, 2001, Paris, France), was a powerful prop forward and a mainstay of the national Rugby Union team that won the Five Nations championship in 1977, 1981 (both grand slams), and 1983. Known as the “bear of the Pyrenees,” Paparemborde represented France in 55 international matches (five as captain) between 1975 and ...
  • Papareschi, Gregorio (pope)
    pope from 1130 to 1143....
  • Papa’s Delicate Condition (film by Marshall)
    ...(Substantially Original): John Addison for Tom JonesScoring of Music Adaptation or Treatment: André Previn for Irma La DouceSong: “Call Me Irresponsible” from Papa’s Delicate Condition; music by James Van Heusen, lyrics by Sammy Cahn...
  • Papaver (plant genus)
    any of several ornamental flowering plants of the poppy family (Papaveraceae), especially species of the genus Papaver, which have lobed or dissected leaves, milky sap, often nodding buds on solitary stalks, and four- to six-petaled flowers with numerous stamens surrounding the ovary. The two sepals drop off as the petals unfold. The ovary develops into a spherical capsule topped by a......
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