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  • Saint Helen’s Island (island, Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
    By 1900 Montreal’s population reached 270,000, and it began to annex several cities, towns, and villages on its outskirts. It purchased Île Sainte-Hélène (St. Helen’s Island) in 1908, the site, with two neighbouring man-made islands, of Expo 67. Montreal’s famous ice-hockey team, the Canadiens, was founded in 1909 (and has since won more National Hockey Le...
  • Saint Helens, Mount (mountain, Washington, United States)
    volcanic peak in the Cascade Range, southwestern Washington, U.S. Its eruption on May 18, 1980, was one of the greatest volcanic explosions ever recorded in North America....
  • Saint Helier (Jersey, Channel Islands)
    chief town, resort, parish, and the capital of Jersey, in the Channel Islands. The town lies along St. Aubin’s Bay opposite a tidal island known as L’Islet (accessible by causeway at low tide), on the south side of Jersey Island. The town is named for St. Helier, a Frankish missionary who was reputedly martyred there in 555. The saint’s me...
  • Saint Hilaire, Marcq (French navigator)
    ...of the altitudes and azimuths of a few familiar stars. Routine trigonometric procedures for making the needed computations had been introduced by Thomas H. Sumner of the United States in 1837 and Marcq Saint-Hilaire of France in 1875. These astronomical determinations were supplemented by dead reckoning, which had been made more trustworthy by the continued development of compasses and logs....
  • Saint Hilarius (bishop of Arles)
    Gallo-Roman bishop of Arles who is often regarded as providing the occasion for extending papal authority in Gaul....
  • Saint Ignace (Michigan, United States)
    city, seat (1882) of Mackinac county, southeastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. It lies on the Straits of Mackinac opposite Mackinaw City, with which it is linked by the 5-mile- (8-km-) long Mackinac Bridge....
  • Saint Irene, Church of (church, Istanbul, Turkey)
    ...patronage of the emperor Justinian, one of the greatest builders of all time. He was responsible for four major churches in Constantinople: Saints Sergius and Bacchus, a centralized building; the church of St. Eirene (Irene), a basilica roofed by two domes in echelon (i.e., parallel-stepped arrangement); the church of the Holy Apostles, which was cruciform, with a dome at the crossing and......
  • Saint Isaac’s Cathedral (cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Russia)
    iron-domed cathedral in St. Petersburg that was designed in Russian Empire style by Auguste de Montferrand. Covering 2.5 acres (1 hectare), it was completed in 1858 after four decades of construction. The granite and marble building is cruciform, and its great dome is one of the earliest examples of the use of iron as a structural material. The interior is decorated in a florid imitation of mediev...
  • Saint Ives (Cornwall, England, United Kingdom)
    town (“parish”), Penwith district, administrative and historic county of Cornwall, England. In 1497 the pretender Perkin Warbeck was proclaimed king when he anchored in St. Ives harbour. Clustered around the harbour is the old town of winding cobbled streets and colour-washed stone cottages. Fishing and tin mining were important until the late 19...
  • Saint Ives (Cambridgeshire, England, United Kingdom)
    town (parish), Huntingdonshire district, administrative county of Cambridgeshire, historic county of Huntingdonshire, England, on the north bank of the River Ouse. It was originally a village called Slepe. St. Ives was granted an eight-day fair by Henry I in 1110 and developed in consequence until the fair was suspended during the Black Death (1349). A six-arc...
  • Saint Jakov, Cathedral of (cathedral, Šibenik, Croatia)
    Historically, the town has been distinguished for culture and scholarship. The Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Jakov (1431–1536), which combines Gothic and Renaissance elements, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2000. The City Gates, Loggia, and several Renaissance houses are well preserved. St. Anne’s Fortress (12th–13th centuries) overlooks the town from the nor...
  • Saint James (neighbourhood, Westminster, London, United Kingdom)
    neighbourhood of the Greater London borough of Westminster. Lying south of the Soho district, west of Whitehall, and north and east of Buckingham Palace, St. James is known for its royal palace and its large park, and it has remained one of the more fashionable residential districts of London...
  • Saint James, Liturgy of
    a eucharistic service based on the Antiochene Liturgy, said to be the most ancient Christian liturgy. Modified forms of the Liturgy of St. James are used by Catholic Syrians, Monophysite Syrians (Jacobites), Maronites, and the Orthodox of Zakynthos and Jerusalem. In most Eastern churches, Orthodox and Catholic, it has been superseded by the Byzantine liturgy of St. John Chrysostom....
  • Saint James’s Church (church, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom)
    ...allowed to remain, but thereafter they were more often called chancel screens. Some English rood screens have escaped destruction, and some have been restored—such as the excellent example in St. James’s Church in Avebury, Wiltshire, erected in the 15th century and restored in the 19th century. Late Renaissance church architects preferred an unbroken view into the chancel from the...
  • Saint Joan (play by Shaw)
    The canonization of Joan of Arc in 1920 reawakened within Shaw ideas for a chronicle play about her. In the resulting masterpiece, Saint Joan (performed 1923), the Maid is treated not only as a Catholic saint and martyr but as a combination of practical mystic, heretical saint, and inspired genius. Joan, as the superior being “crushed between those mighty forces,......
  • Saint John (New Brunswick, Canada)
    largest city in New Brunswick, Canada, on the Bay of Fundy, at the mouth of the St. John River. The site, visited by the French explorer Samuel de Champlain in 1604 and fortified by Charles La Tour (1631–35), was occupied by the British in 1758 and refortified as Fort Frederick....
  • Saint John (island, United States Virgin Islands)
    smallest of the U.S. Virgin Islands, just east of St. Thomas and 80 miles (130 km) east of San Juan, P.R. With a total area of 20 square miles (50 square km), St. John is 9 miles long and 5 miles wide. Its irregular coastline is indented with picturesque harbours and coves, including Trunk Bay. Bordeaux Mountain rises to 1,277 feet (989 m). The population is predominantly black...
  • Saint John Chrysostom, Liturgy of (Eastern Orthodoxy)
    ...longer Byzantine—are extant, was probably authored, in part at least, by St. Basil himself. Except for the anaphora (the central part of the liturgy), it is identical with the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, which is a shortened form in daily use....
  • Saint John de Crèvecoeur, Hector (French-American author)
    French American author whose work provided a broad picture of life in the New World....
  • Saint John, Feast of (Paraguayan festival)
    ...the country are well attended; for example, thousands of Paraguayans visit Caacupé on December 8 to participate in the city’s annual celebration of the festival of the Virgin of Miracles. The Feast of Saint John (San Juan Ara), on June 24, is celebrated with traditional games, one of which includes walking on hot coals. The country’s Afro-Paraguayan community at Kamba Kua c...
  • Saint John, Henry, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (British politician)
    prominent Tory politician in the reign of Queen Anne of England and, later, a major political propagandist in opposition to the Whig Party led by Sir Robert Walpole....
  • Saint John, John Pierce (American politician)
    U.S. politician, governor of Kansas and a leading prohibitionist....
  • Saint John, Lake (lake, Quebec, Canada)
    lake in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region, south-central Quebec province, Canada. A shallow lake, occupying 387 square miles (1,003 square km) of a large graben (a downfaulted basin), it receives the drainage of a 30,000-square-mile (78,000-square-kilometre) area and discharges it through two outlets into the Saguenay River....
  • Saint John Lateran (church, Rome, Italy)
    When Borromini redid the interior of S. Giovanni in Laterano (St. John Lateran) in 1646–50, little of the original Constantinian fabric remained after destruction by the Vandals (5th century), damage by earthquake (9th), two devastating fires (14th), and four consequent rebuildings. The Emperor had built a five-aisled basilica over the remains of the barracks of the imperial guard, the......
  • Saint John of Ephesus, Church of (church, Asia Minor)
    ...basilica plan, of three or five aisles with an apse in the east, remained no less popular in Greece, on the islands, in the Balkans (Stobi in Serbia), and in the Middle East. In Asia Minor the church of St. John of Ephesus (450), later replaced by a building of Justinian, was cruciform in plan, inspired by the church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Extending from the square......
  • Saint John of Jerusalem, Hospitallers of (religious order)
    a religious military order that was founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century and that, headquartered in Rome, continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names and jurisdictions....
  • Saint John of Jerusalem, Knights of (religious order)
    a religious military order that was founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century and that, headquartered in Rome, continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names and jurisdictions....
  • Saint John of Nepomuk, Church of (church, Munich, Germany)
    The Church of St. John of Nepomuk in Munich (1733–46), also known as the Asamkirche in honour of the brothers, is their masterwork and is an early contribution to the Bavarian Rococo style. The high, narrow interior, mysteriously lit from above, is richly decorated with paint, stuccowork, sculpture, and gilt. The ceiling is decorated with painted figures ascending into a space that seems......
  • Saint John of the Studium (church, Istanbul, Turkey)
    ...made in the eastern Mediterranean area in the 5th century. The progress cannot be followed exactly because so much has been destroyed, but the earliest surviving church in Constantinople, that of St. John of Studium (Mosque of İmrahor), shows that this process had already gone quite far by the year it was built, 463. It is a basilica in that it has an eastern apse and three aisles, but.....
  • Saint John, Oliver (English politician)
    English politician and one of the leaders of the Parliamentary opposition to King Charles I of England....
  • Saint John River (river, North America)
    large river rising in Somerset county in northwestern Maine, U.S., and flowing northeast to the Canadian border, where it gradually turns southeast to form the international boundary for 80 miles (130 km). Just above Grand Falls, the river enters Canada and flows through New Brunswick into the Bay of Fundy at Saint John. At Grand Falls the river drops 75 feet (23 m), and at its mouth are the ...
  • Saint John River (river, Africa)
    river rising in Guinea, West Africa. Its source is northwest of the Nimba Range, and with its upper reach (the Mani River) it forms part of the Guinea-Liberia border. Entering north-central Liberia it very nearly bisects the country, discharging into the Atlantic at Edina, where the Benson and Mechlin rivers empty into its estuary. The Saint John River’s southwesterly course of 175 miles (...
  • Saint John the Baptist of Studium (church, Constantinople)
    The ecclesiastical architecture of the East is more varied, partly as a result of differences in the liturgies. The monastery of St. John the Baptist of Studium in Constantinople (463) and the church of the Acheiropoietos at Thessalonica (470) were basilicas with tribunes and narthexes, which, in their proportions, approached those of centrally planned structures. The large central aisle,......
  • Saint John the Evangelist (painting by Franceschini)
    ...paintings in the cupola of the Niccolini Chapel in Santa Croce, Florence. His work during these years was his most notable. Among his best oil paintings of large scale is the St. John the Evangelist for the Church of Santa Chiara at Volterra. One of his last works was the fresco of the cupola of the Annunziata, Florence, which occupied him for two years about......
  • Saint John the Evangelist, Church of (church, Ravenna, Italy)
    ...in its nave and a fine apse mosaic depicting the Transfiguration of Christ. The Church of St. Francis (San Francesco) has a small annex containing the tomb of the Italian poet Dante Alighieri. The Church of St. John the Evangelist (San Giovanni Evangelista) was almost totally destroyed in World War II and has since been heavily restored. The oldest church in Ravenna, the cathedral, was......
  • Saint John Valley (valley, Maine, United States)
    ...make up the second largest ethnic bloc in the state. The people of Acadia, originally from Brittany and Normandy, were driven out of Nova Scotia in 1763 by the British; many of them settled in the St. John valley—which now forms the northern border of Maine—while others made the long trip to Louisiana (where their descendants are called Cajuns). The later French Canadian migration...
  • Saint John’s (Antigua and Barbuda)
    city and capital of Antigua and Barbuda. It lies on the northwest coast and is a resort and the main port (handling sugar, cotton, foodstuffs, machinery, and lumber). Before 1968 the sheltered harbour was limited to boats drawing only 6 feet (2 m), but because of a major dredging project the port accommodates ships drawing 35 feet (10.5 m). V.C. Bird International Airport is 6 miles (10 km) north...
  • Saint John’s Cathedral (cathedral, ’s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands)
    Historic landmarks include the town hall (1671) and the Flamboyant Gothic St. John’s Cathedral (rebuilt 1419–1520 on Romanesque foundations), the largest Roman Catholic church in The Netherlands. Opposite the town hall is a statue of the painter Hieronymus Bosch, who was born in ’s-Hertogenbosch. The town is now a rail junction and a major cattle market. It has service and foo...
  • Saint John’s Co-Cathedral (cathedral, Valletta, Malta)
    One of the most notable buildings in Valletta is St. John’s Co-Cathedral, which was formerly the conventual church of the Hospitaler order and is now equal in rank with the archbishop’s cathedral at Mdina. It was designed by the Maltese architect Gerolamo Cassar and built between 1573 and 1578. Other important buildings by Cassar are the Palace of the Grand Masters (1574), now the re...
  • Saint John’s College (college, Annapolis, Maryland, United States)
    private coeducational institution of higher education at Annapolis, Md., U.S.; there is also a campus in Santa Fe, N.M. St. John’s bases its study of the liberal arts on the great books of the Western world. Founded by the Episcopal church in 1784, the college traces its history to King William’s School (1696). It offered a conventional liberal arts education until 1937, when it adop...
  • Saint John’s College (college, University of Cambridge, England, United Kingdom)
    ...This self-taught architect designed many churches and country houses based on English Gothic architecture, especially of the perpendicular period. His most famous work, however, is the New Court of St. John’s College, Cambridge (1826–31), which he built in collaboration with Henry Hutchinson. Rickman’s style shows more knowledge of the outward form of Gothic architecture th...
  • Saint John’s College (college, Battersea, London, United Kingdom)
    In 1839 Kay was appointed first secretary to the council that had been set up to administer the British government’s annual grants to education. In 1839–40 he and E. Carleton Tufnell founded St. John’s College, Battersea, London, which was the first training college for schoolteachers in England. Kay introduced a system for the inspection by government officials of those schoo...
  • Saint Johns River (river, Florida, United States)
    navigable stream of northeastern Florida, U.S., the longest river in the state. It rises in swamps in Brevard county southwest of Melbourne, in the east-central part of the state and flows north parallel to the Atlantic coast until it turns at Jacksonville to empty into the ocean, 15 miles (25 km) to the east, after a cour...
  • Saint John’s Town (Scotland, United Kingdom)
    city and royal burgh, Perth and Kinross council area, historic county of Perthshire, Scotland. Perth lies on the right bank of the River Tay. Its name is probably Celtic....
  • Saint John’s University (university, Jamaica, Queens, New York, United States)
    private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Jamaica, Queens, New York, U.S. It is sponsored by the Congregation of the Mission (Vincentian) order of the Roman Catholic church. The university includes St. John’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Notre Dame College, St. Vincent’s College, the College of Business Administration, the...
  • Saint Johnsbury (Vermont, United States)
    town (township), seat (1856) of Caledonia county, northeastern Vermont, U.S., on the Passumpsic and Moose rivers. It includes the village of St. Johnsbury Center. The site was settled about 1786 by Jonathan Arnold from Rhode Island. It was named for Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen’s French friend Michel-Guillaume-Saint-Jean de Crèvecoeur, who ...
  • Saint Jorge de Lidde (Israel)
    city, central Israel, on the Plain of Sharon southeast of Tel Aviv–Yafo. Of ancient origin, it is mentioned several times in the Bible: in a New Testament account (Acts 9:32), the apostle Peter healed the paralytic at Lod. The city was a well-known centre of Jewish scholars and merchants from the 5th century bc until the Roman conquest in ad 70. It was the Roman ...
  • Saint Josaphat, Basilian Order of (religious order)
    ...in 1880 in its Greek traditions and controls monasteries in southern Italy and Sicily. Grottaferrata was once famous for creating religious art and illumination and for copying manuscripts. (2) St. Josaphat in the Ukrainian and Romanian Rite was introduced in Kiev in 1072 by St. Theodosius and became the model for the Ukrainian, White Russian, and Russian monasteries. In the 17th and 18th......
  • Saint Joseph (Missouri, United States)
    city, seat (1846) of Buchanan county, northwestern Missouri, U.S. It is located on the Missouri River (there bridged to Elwood, Kan.), 28 miles (45 km) north of Kansas City. A trading post was established (1826) on the site by Joseph Robidoux, a French Canadian trapper from St. Louis. The Platte Purchase (1836), adding about 2,000,000 acres (800,000 hectares) of Indian land to the state territory,...
  • Saint Joseph (Michigan, United States)
    city, seat (1894) of Berrien county, southwestern Michigan, U.S. Located about 85 miles (140 km) southwest of Grand Rapids, it is a port on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the St. Joseph River, opposite Benton Harbor. The French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, sieur (lord) de La Salle...
  • Saint Joseph College (college, West Hartford, Connecticut, United States)
    city, seat (1894) of Berrien county, southwestern Michigan, U.S. Located about 85 miles (140 km) southwest of Grand Rapids, it is a port on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the St. Joseph River, opposite Benton Harbor. The French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, sieur (lord) de La Salle...
  • Saint Joseph River (river, United States)
    river in north-central United States that rises near Hillsdale in south-central Michigan and flows generally west but swings south into northern Indiana, through Elkhart and South Bend, before reentering Michigan to empty into Lake Michigan at Saint Joseph and Benton Harbor. The Saint ...
  • Saint Joseph’s College (university, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States)
    private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. The university’s undergraduate programs are run by its College of Arts and Sciences and College of Business and Administration. In addition to undergraduate studies, the univers...
  • Saint Joseph’s College (college, Windham, Maine, United States)
    private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. The university’s undergraduate programs are run by its College of Arts and Sciences and College of Business and Administration. In addition to undergraduate studies, the univers...
  • Saint Joseph’s Oratory (church, Montreal, Canada)
    private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. The university’s undergraduate programs are run by its College of Arts and Sciences and College of Business and Administration. In addition to undergraduate studies, the univers...
  • Saint Joseph’s University (university, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States)
    private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. The university’s undergraduate programs are run by its College of Arts and Sciences and College of Business and Administration. In addition to undergraduate studies, the univers...
  • Saint Julia (monastery, Brescia, Italy)
    ...to work without pay on the lord’s demesne, an area whose produce went entirely to the lord. These estates, mostly royal or ecclesiastical, could be huge, as were, for example, those of Bobbio and Santa Giulia at Brescia, whose estate records survive. They produced a sizable agricultural surplus, which the estates’ owners often sold in the cities (Santa Giulia, at least, had its ow...
  • Saint Kilda (islands, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, United Kingdom)
    cluster of three small Atlantic islands in the Outer Hebrides group, Western Isles council area, Scotland, situated 110 miles (180 km) from the mainland. The islands, which escaped glaciation during the Ice Age, present a bare rocky interior and sea cliffs rising to 1,300 feet (400 metres) that support the world’s largest population of gannets...
  • Saint Kilian’s Church (church, Heilbronn, Germany)
    ...equipment, motor-vehicle parts, and machinery are important industries. The city suffered severe damage in World War II, but most of its historic buildings have been rebuilt or restored, including St. Kilian’s Church and the town hall (1540), which features a curious clock (1580). The house of the Teutonic Knights (Deutsches Haus) is in ruins. Several old towers survive, including the......
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis (islands, West Indies)
    state composed of two islands of the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Their combined area is 104 square miles (269 square kilometres). The capital is Basseterre on the island of Saint Kitts....
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis, Federation of (islands, West Indies)
    state composed of two islands of the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Their combined area is 104 square miles (269 square kilometres). The capital is Basseterre on the island of Saint Kitts....
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis, flag of
    ...
  • Saint Lambert Lock (lock, Canada)
    After Montreal Harbour the first lock is the St. Lambert, which rises 15 feet to the Laprairie Basin and proceeds 8.5 miles to the second Côte Ste. Catherine Lock, which rises 30 feet to Lake St. Louis and bypasses the Lachine Rapids. Thereafter, the channel runs to the lower Beauharnois Lock, which rises 41 feet to the level of Lake St. Francis via a 13-mile canal. Thirty miles......
  • Saint Laurent, Louis Stephen (prime minister of Canada)
    Canadian statesman and jurist who, as Liberal prime minister in 1948–57, helped to maintain Canadian unity and to bring about reforms....
  • Saint Laurent, Yves (French designer)
    French fashion designer noted for his popularization of women’s trousers for all occasions....
  • Saint Laurent, Yves-Henri-Donat-Mathieu (French designer)
    French fashion designer noted for his popularization of women’s trousers for all occasions....
  • Saint Lawrence (county, New York, United States)
    county, northern New York state, U.S., bordered to the northwest by Ontario, Can., the St. Lawrence River constituting the boundary. Lowlands in the northwest rise to a central plateau region with the Adirondack Mountains occupying the southeastern part. The county is drained by the Oswegatchie, Grass, Raquette, and St. Regis rivers; other w...
  • Saint Lawrence Channel (channel, Gulf of Saint Lawrence)
    ...periphery of the vast, ancient rock mass known as the Canadian Shield. The topography of the floor of the gulf can be subdivided into several sections. First of all, there are the deepest zones: the St. Lawrence Channel and the Mingan Passage, whose orientation is toward the southeast, and the Eskimo Channel, running to the southwest. Together, these channels occupy approximately one-quarter of...
  • Saint Lawrence, Gulf of (gulf, Canada)
    body of water covering about 60,000 square miles (155,000 square km) at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It fringes the shores of half the provinces of Canada and is a gateway to the interior of the entire North American continent. Its name is not entirely accurate, for in a hydrologic context the gulf has to be considered more as a sea bordering the North...
  • Saint Lawrence Island (island, Alaska, United States)
    The islands of the Bering Sea represent a small but unique Arctic maritime environment, typified by St. Lawrence, Nunivak, and St. Matthew islands and the Pribilof group. These tundra-covered islands are surrounded by sea ice in winter and serve as protected refuges for the world’s largest herds of fur-bearing seals and sea otters, as well as sea lions and walrus. A large herd of......
  • Saint Lawrence Islands National Park (national park, Ontario, Canada)
    national park covering an area of mainland, islands, and islets in southeastern Ontario province, Can., on the St. Lawrence River between Kingston and Brockville. The small mainland reservation, called Mallorytown Landing, is 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Brockville. There are 18 heavily forested islands and 80 rocky islets, all part of the Thousand Islands region, also included in the park. Esta...
  • Saint Lawrence, Isle of
    country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa. It occupies the fourth largest island in the world, after Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo. Located in the southwestern Indian Ocean, it is separated from the African coast by the 250-mile- (400-kilometre-) wide Mozambique Channel....
  • Saint Lawrence Lowlands (region, North America)
    The St. Lawrence Lowlands extend northeastward from Lake Ontario to the ocean along the boundary with Canada. Within this area are three subdivisions: a flat to gently rolling strip of land along the St. Lawrence River; a range of hills south and east of the plain; and, farther south and east, a long, narrow plain dotted with lakes....
  • Saint Lawrence River (river, North America)
    hydrographic system of east-central North America. It connects the North River (source of the St. Louis River, in the U.S. state of Minnesota, which flows into Lake Superior) with Cabot Strait, leading into the Atlantic Ocean in the extreme east of Canada, crossing the interior of the North American continent for some 2,500 miles (4,000 kilometres). It is of vital geographic, hydrologic, and econo...
  • Saint Lawrence Seaway (waterway, North America)
    The St. Lawrence Seaway, a massive navigational project undertaken jointly by Canada and the United States and completed in 1959, opened North America’s industrial and agricultural heartlands to deep-draft ocean vessels. It forged the final link in a waterway some 2,340 miles long from Duluth, Minn. (at the westernmost point of Lake Superior) to the Atlantic by clearing a throughway in a......
  • Saint Lawrence Trough (channel, Gulf of Saint Lawrence)
    ...periphery of the vast, ancient rock mass known as the Canadian Shield. The topography of the floor of the gulf can be subdivided into several sections. First of all, there are the deepest zones: the St. Lawrence Channel and the Mingan Passage, whose orientation is toward the southeast, and the Eskimo Channel, running to the southwest. Together, these channels occupy approximately one-quarter of...
  • Saint Lawrence Valley (region, Canada)
    Northeast of the Frontenac Axis, the lowlands embrace the Ottawa valley and the St. Lawrence valley to a point some 70 miles (110 km) downstream from Quebec city. During the last glacial period, this area was inundated by ocean water, known as the Champlain Sea, which produced a very flat plain. The level plain is broken by the seven Monteregian Hills near Montreal. The westernmost of these is......
  • Saint Lazarus, Order of (knighthood)
    ...Crusades the first orders of knights came into being: the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem (later the Knights of Malta), the Order of the Temple of Solomon (Templars), and, rather later, the Order of St. Lazarus, which had a special duty of protecting leper hospitals. These were truly international and of an expressly religious nature both in their purpose and in their form, with......
  • Saint Leger (horse race)
    one of the English Triple Crown races and, with the Derby, the Two Thousand Guineas, the One Thousand Guineas, and the Oaks, one of the Classic horse races. The race was established by Colonel Barry Saint Leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778. An event for three-year-old colts and fillies, it is run annually in September at Doncaster, Yorkshire. The Saint Leger was a 2-mi...
  • Saint Leger, Sir Anthony (English lord deputy of Ireland)
    English lord deputy of Ireland from 1540 to 1548, 1550 to 1551, and 1553 to 1556. Considered by many historians to be the most able 16th-century English viceroy of Ireland, he maintained peace in that country by upholding the feudal privileges of the powerful native chieftains....
  • Saint Louis (city, Missouri, United States)
    city, adjacent to but independent of St. Louis county, east-central Missouri, U.S. It lies on the west bank of the Mississippi River (bridged there at several points) opposite East St. Louis, Illinois, just south of the confluence of the Missouri River. The city’s boundaries have remained unchanged since 1876, when ...
  • Saint Louis Bridge (bridge, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States)
    From his knowledge of the river and of the fabrication of iron and steel, he secured, against opposition, some of it unscrupulous, a contract for a steel triple-arch bridge over the river at St. Louis, which he began on Aug. 20, 1867. Its three spans, 502, 520, and 502 feet (152, 158, and 152 m), respectively, consisted of triangularly braced 18-inch (46-centimetre) hollow steel tubes linked in......
  • Saint Louis Brown Stockings (American baseball team)
    ...quintessential representatives of the big city, of the East, of urban America with its sophistication, and of ethnic and religious heterogeneity, became synonymous with supernal success, while the St. Louis Cardinals emerged as the quintessential champions of the Midwest, of small towns and the farms, of rural America with its simplicity, rusticity, and old-stock Protestant homogeneity. In the....
  • Saint Louis Browns (American baseball team, American League)
    The city’s representatives in professional sports are the Orioles (baseball) and the Ravens (American football). The celebrated Oriole Park at Camden Yards (1992), just west of the Inner Harbor, was the first of the retro-style ballparks designed to look like those built in the early 20th century. Near the stadium is the birthplace of baseball player Babe Ruth, preserved as a shrine and mus...
  • Saint Louis Browns (American baseball team)
    ...quintessential representatives of the big city, of the East, of urban America with its sophistication, and of ethnic and religious heterogeneity, became synonymous with supernal success, while the St. Louis Cardinals emerged as the quintessential champions of the Midwest, of small towns and the farms, of rural America with its simplicity, rusticity, and old-stock Protestant homogeneity. In the....
  • Saint Louis Cardinals (American baseball team)
    ...quintessential representatives of the big city, of the East, of urban America with its sophistication, and of ethnic and religious heterogeneity, became synonymous with supernal success, while the St. Louis Cardinals emerged as the quintessential champions of the Midwest, of small towns and the farms, of rural America with its simplicity, rusticity, and old-stock Protestant homogeneity. In the....
  • Saint Louis Hawks (American basketball team)
    After graduating from Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Pettit played NBA basketball for 11 seasons (1954–65) with the Milwaukee (after 1954–55, the St. Louis) Hawks. In each season but his last, he led the Hawks in scoring and rebounding. Twice (1955–56 and 1958–59) he was the NBA scoring champion and was voted the league’s Most Valuable Player. Pettit le...
  • Saint Louis Olympic Games (1904)
    Like the 1900 Olympics in Paris, the 1904 Games took a secondary role. The Games originally were scheduled for Chicago, but the location was changed to St. Louis when Olympic organizing committee officials decided to combine the Olympics with the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition, a large fair celebrating the 100th anniversary of the U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana Territory. As a result, the......
  • Saint Louis Perfectos (American baseball team)
    ...quintessential representatives of the big city, of the East, of urban America with its sophistication, and of ethnic and religious heterogeneity, became synonymous with supernal success, while the St. Louis Cardinals emerged as the quintessential champions of the Midwest, of small towns and the farms, of rural America with its simplicity, rusticity, and old-stock Protestant homogeneity. In the....
  • Saint Louis Post-Dispatch (American newspaper)
    morning daily newspaper published in St. Louis, Mo., one of the most prestigious newspapers in the United States and a dominant voice of the lower Middle West....
  • Saint Louis Rams (American football team)
    ...from the University of Michigan (1947). After coaching teams at Morningside College (Iowa) and Whittier College (California), he entered the National Football League as offensive-end coach with the Los Angeles Rams (1957). As an assistant coach of the Chicago Bears (1958–66) he coached the team’s defensive unit in its 1963 league championship season. As head coach of the Los Angel...
  • Saint Louis school (group of scholars)
    ...Hegelian Idealism arose in the United States. The movement found vigorous early expression in the work of W.T. Harris (1835–1909), central figure in a midwestern group of scholars known as the St. Louis school and editor of its Journal of Speculative Philosophy, and finds current expression in the recently organized Hegel Society of America. In its later development, American......
  • Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra (orchestra, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States)
    The Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra (1880) is one of the oldest in the United States; the city also has an opera company and several theatre organizations. Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, built on the original village plat, is dominated by the 630-foot (192-metre) stainless-steel Gateway Arch (1965), designed by architect Eero Saarinen to......
  • Saint Louis University (university, Baguio, Philippines)
    The Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra (1880) is one of the oldest in the United States; the city also has an opera company and several theatre organizations. Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, built on the original village plat, is dominated by the 630-foot (192-metre) stainless-steel Gateway Arch (1965), designed by architect Eero Saarinen to.........
  • Saint Louis University (university, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States)
    private, coeducational institution of higher learning in St. Louis, Mo., U.S. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic Church. The university comprises the colleges of arts and sciences, philosophy and letters, public service, and health sciences, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, the graduate school, and schools of business, law, medicine, professional stu...
  • Saint Louis Zoo (zoo, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States)
    zoo in St. Louis, Mo., U.S., built on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis World’s Fair) of 1904. Inspired by an enormous elliptical aviary built for the fair—which is now restored—the zoo opened in 1913. It is one of the few zoos in the world to have free year-round admission, though a fee is charged for some of the...
  • Saint Louis Zoological Park (zoo, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States)
    zoo in St. Louis, Mo., U.S., built on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis World’s Fair) of 1904. Inspired by an enormous elliptical aviary built for the fair—which is now restored—the zoo opened in 1913. It is one of the few zoos in the world to have free year-round admission, though a fee is charged for some of the...
  • Saint Louis-San Francisco Railway Company (American railway)
    railroad with lines in nine southern and central U.S. states before it merged with Burlington Northern, Inc....
  • Saint Lucia (island, West Indies)
    island state in the Caribbean Sea. The second largest of the Windward group in the Lesser Antilles, it is located about 24 miles (39 kilometres) south of Martinique and some 21 miles northeast of Saint Vincent. Saint Lucia is 27 miles long and has a maximum width of 14 miles. The capital and major port is Castries. Saint Lucia is a member of the Commonwealth....
  • Saint Lucia, flag of
    ...
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