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  • San Sebastián, Pact of (Spain [1930])
    ...parliament, suppressed the report, and concluded the war. Alcalá Zamora blamed King Alfonso XIII for the dictatorship and became a republican, joining the socialists and Catalan left in the Pact of San Sebastián (August 1930). As leader of the revolutionary committee, he successfully demanded Alfonso’s abdication on the basis of the municipal elections of April 1931. Alfons...
  • San Sebastiano (church, Venice, Italy)
    In 1555, probably at the summons of the prior of S. Sebastiano in Venice, Veronese began the decoration of the church that was later to become his burial place. Whereas in the Palazzo Ducale he had often worked in collaboration with Zelotti, Veronese worked alone in S. Sebastiano. In the Story of Esther, depicted on the ceiling, appear the first of his rigorous......
  • San Sebastiano, Basilica of (church, Rome, Italy)
    subterranean cemetery composed of galleries or passages with side recesses for tombs. The term, of unknown origin, seems to have been applied first to the subterranean cemetery under the Basilica of San Sebastiano (located on the Appian Way near Rome), which was reputed to have been the temporary resting place of the bodies of Saints Peter and Paul in the last half of the 3rd century. By......
  • San Severo (Italy)
    city and episcopal see, Puglia (Apulia) regione, east-central Italy. It lies in the north of the Puglia Tableland, just north of Foggia city. A flourishing market centre in the 12th century, it was owned by a succession of feudal rulers before passing to the Kingdom of Naples and, in 1860, to the Kingdom of Italy. It was badly damaged by an earthquake in 1627, and little ...
  • San Simeon (California, United States)
    village, San Luis Obispo county, southwestern California, U.S. It lies along the Pacific Ocean overlooking San Simeon Bay. Part of a Mexican land grant of 1840, Rancho Piedras Blancas was purchased by George Hearst, father of publisher William Randolph Hearst, in 1865. George Hearst later acquired the adjoining ranchos, Santa Rosa and San Simeon....
  • San Simón, University of (university, Cochabamba, Bolivia)
    ...Pampa) for the area, meaning “a plain full of small lakes.” A favourable climate and attractive setting have helped make it one of Bolivia’s largest cities. It is the site of the Main University of San Simón (established in 1826) and has a museum, municipal library, cathedral, and government palace. One of the largest statues of Jesus Christ in the world towers over ...
  • San Simpliciano (church, Milan, Italy)
    ...north Italian painting. The building also contains the Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense, and its beautiful courtyard is dominated by Antonio Canova’s statue of Napoleon. On the Corso Garibaldi stands S. Simpliciano, which according to tradition was founded in the 4th century by St. Ambrose. Its apse contains the 15th-century fresco “Coronation of the Virgin” by Ambrogio Bergo...
  • San Stefano, Treaty of (Russia-Turkey [1878])
    (March 3 [Feb. 19, Old Style], 1878), peace settlement imposed on the Ottoman government by Russia at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78; it provided for a new disposition of the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire that would have ended any effective Turkish control over the Balkans if its provi...
  • San Telmo (area, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
    San Telmo, or Barrio Sur, south of the Plaza de Mayo, began to be restored and gentrified in the early 1990s after nearly a century of neglect and decay. By the later part of the decade the area had become trendy and bohemian. Its numerous jazz clubs and theatres attract a varied group of patrons, from journalists and artists to labourers. Most of the area’s buildings were constructed befor...
  • San Tomás de la Nueva Guayana de la Angostura (Venezuela)
    city, capital of Bolívar estado (state), southeastern Venezuela. It lies on a small hill on the south bank of the Orinoco River, opposite Soledad on the north. Its elevation ranges from 85 to 246 feet (26 to 75 m) above sea level; the average annual temperature is 85° F (29° C). The town was founded in 1764 as San Tomás de la Nueva Guayana de l...
  • san ts’ai (Chinese pottery)
    The provincial tile kilns also manufactured “three-coloured” (san ts’ai) wares, perhaps originally a product of the Tz’u-chou kilns. These were decorated with coloured glazes that were often kept from intermingling by threads of clay (cloisonné technique) or were used in conjunction with the pierced technique (fa hua). Others have engraved designs u...
  • San Valentín, Mount (mountain, Chile)
    Farther south is Chilean Patagonia, a loosely defined area that includes the subregion of Magallanes and sometimes Chilean Tierra del Fuego. There significant heights are still reached: Mount San Valentín is more than 12,000 feet high, and Mount Darwin in Tierra del Fuego reaches almost 8,000 feet. Reminders of the last ice age are the perfectly U-shaped glacial troughs, sharp-edged......
  • San Vicente (El Salvador)
    city, south-central El Salvador. It lies along the Accihuapa River at the northeastern foot of San Vicente Volcano (7,155 feet [2,181 metres]), in a region of hot springs and geysers. Founded in 1635, on the site of Tehuacán, an ancient Indian settlement, it has served as both the national capital (1834–39) and the seat of the national university (1854–59)....
  • San Vicente (Chile)
    ...and resort towns on the eastern shore of Concepción Bay, while a local railway serving the southwestern side of the bay joins the outport of Talcahuano (q.v.), Huachipato, and San Vicente with Concepción. San Vicente is both a resort and a source of fresh and preserved seafood for Santiago, the nation’s capital, 260 miles (420 km) northeast. The Huachipato steel......
  • San Vicente (Spain)
    ...notably talayots (rough chambered towers of stone), taulas (temples), and burial caves, among the most famous of which are those of San Vicente in the north, whose type and carvings indicate a close relationship to those of southern France, near Arles. At Valldemosa is the monastery where the French writer George Sand stayed and......
  • San Vincente de la Ciénaga (New Mexico, United States)
    town, seat (1874) of Grant county, southwestern New Mexico, U.S. It lies just east of the Continental Divide, at an altitude of 5,931 feet (1,808 metres) in the foothills of the Pinos Altos Range, on the edge of Gila National Forest (of which it is headquarters). It was established in 1870 as a Spanish settlement called San Vincente de la Ciénaga (Spani...
  • San Vitale, Church of (church, Ravenna, Italy)
    The Church of San Vitale, the masterpiece of Byzantine art in Ravenna, was completed during the reign of the emperor Justinian. The church was begun by Bishop Ecclesius under the Ostrogothic queen Amalasuntha (d. 535) and was consecrated in 547. This octagonal church, built of marble and capped by a lofty terra-cotta dome, is one of the finest examples of Byzantine architecture and decoration......
  • San Yu, U (president of Burma)
    Myanmar (Burmese) politician who headed a repressive military government while serving as president from 1981 to 1988 (b. 1919--d. Jan. 28, 1996)....
  • San Zanipòlo (church, Venice, Italy)
    ...most famous Venetian painter of the 18th century. In about 1725–27 he undertook his only ceiling painting, the “Glorification of St. Dominic,” for the Chapel of the Sacrament in Santi Giovanni e Paolo. The “Ecstasy of St. Francis,” perhaps his finest religious work, dates from about 1732, and some three years later he was commissioned to execute an......
  • San Zeno Maggiore (church, Verona, Italy)
    ...architecture, which is often in a distinctive pink brick. The city produced two great Renaissance architects, Fra Giocondo and Michele Sanmicheli. Its outstanding churches include the Romanesque San Zeno Maggiore (originally 5th century, rebuilt 1117–1227), with a brick and marble facade, a celebrated marble porch, and a triptych by the 14th-century painter Andrea Mantegna, and the......
  • san-ch’ü (Chinese literary genre)
    Another literary innovation, preceding but later interacting with the rise of the drama, was a new verse form known as san-ch’ü (“nondramatic songs”), a liberalization of the tz’u, which utilized the spoken language of the people as fully as possible. Although line length and tonal pattern were still governed by a given tune, extra words could be in...
  • San-ch’ung (Taiwan)
    shih (municipality), T’ai-pei hsien (county), northern Taiwan. It lies west of Taipei city, in the northern part of the western coastal plain. Situated on the western bank of the Tan-shui River, the city developed as a major commercial centre for a surrounding fertile agricultural region that produces rice, sugarcane, and tea. Food canning...
  • san-hsien (musical instrument)
    any of a group of long-necked, fretless Chinese lutes. The instrument’s rounded rectangular resonator has a snakeskin front and back, and the curved-back pegbox at the end of the neck has lateral, or side, tuning pegs that adjust three silk or nylon strings. The sanxian is made in several sizes. The largest variety, popular in north...
  • San-hsing (China)
    Heilungkiang was long sparsely inhabited by hunters and fishermen who used canoes, dogsleds, skis, and reindeer as transport. The town of San-hsing (now I-lan) was the home in the early 15th century ad of the ancestors of Nurhachi, the Manchu tribal leader who rose to power in the late 1500s through struggles with rival tribes and alliances with Manchu-related groups. Nurhachi...
  • San-kuan Pass (mountain pass, China)
    ...the range is in the north; the southern slope of the range, draining into the Han, is deeply sculptured by an extremely complex drainage pattern. Three major passes cross the Tsinling Mountains: the San-kuan Pass south of Pao-chi, which leads to the Chia-ling Valley and thus into Szechwan; the Kao-kuan Pass south of Sian, which leads to the Han-chung Basin; and the Lan-t’ien Pass southea...
  • San-kuo (ancient kingdoms, China)
    (ad 220–280),trio of warring Chinese states that followed the demise of the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220)...
  • San-lun (Buddhism)
    school of Chinese Buddhism derived from the Indian Mādhyamika school. See Mādhyamika....
  • San-men-hsia (gorge, China)
    gorge enclosing one section of the Huang He (Yellow River) in western Henan province, eastern China. The gorge is the site of a large dam and hydroelectric installation....
  • San-Min Chu-i (Chinese ideology)
    the ideological basis of the political program of the Chinese Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), championing the principles of nationalism, democracy, and socialism....
  • San-ming (China)
    city, west-central Fujian sheng (province), southeastern China. It lies along the Sha River, a southern tributary of the Min River, the valley of which provides the chief southwest-to-northeast route through central Fujian. Westward and southwestward routes fan out into the mountainous interior of the province, and to th...
  • San-Pédro (Côte d’Ivoire)
    port town, southwestern Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). It is situated about 40 miles (65 km) southwest of Sassandra, on the Gulf of Guinea. Until the mid-1960s, San-Pédro was a tiny fishing village of fewer than 100 inhabitants, but, following the start of port construction there in 1968, it rapidly grew into a major town. Upon completion of the port in 1970, ...
  • San-tsang (Buddhist monk)
    Buddhist monk and Chinese pilgrim to India who translated the sacred scriptures of Buddhism from Sanskrit into Chinese and founded in China the Buddhist Consciousness Only school. His fame rests mainly on the volume and diversity of his translations of the Buddhist sutras and on the record of his travels in Central Asia and India, which, with its wealth of detailed and precise data, has been of in...
  • San-yüan (China)
    ...industrial city. It has an important university, a medical college, and an institute of art and music, as well as libraries and museums. Pao-chi is an important road and rail transportation centre. San-yüan and Hsien-yang are both satellite cities of Sian, as well as rail and road transport centres. Han-chung is the main communication and administrative centre for the southern region....
  • Ṣanʿāʾ (Yemen)
    city and capital of Yemen. It is situated at the western foot of Mount Nuqum, at an elevation of more than 7,200 feet (2,200 metres) above sea level, in the western part of the country. Sanaa has for many centuries been the chief economic, political, and religious centre of the Yemen Highlands. The city’s name means “fortified place.”...
  • Sana (Yemen)
    city and capital of Yemen. It is situated at the western foot of Mount Nuqum, at an elevation of more than 7,200 feet (2,200 metres) above sea level, in the western part of the country. Sanaa has for many centuries been the chief economic, political, and religious centre of the Yemen Highlands. The city’s name means “fortified place.”...
  • Sanaa (Yemen)
    city and capital of Yemen. It is situated at the western foot of Mount Nuqum, at an elevation of more than 7,200 feet (2,200 metres) above sea level, in the western part of the country. Sanaa has for many centuries been the chief economic, political, and religious centre of the Yemen Highlands. The city’s name means “fortified place.”...
  • Sanaa, University of (university, Sanaa, Yemen)
    Higher education is limited to a very small minority. The University of Sanaa (founded 1970), established largely with grants from Kuwait, is coeducational and comprises a variety of specialized colleges—e.g., those of agriculture, medicine, commerce, and law. The University of Aden (1975) offers a similar array of specialties. These two senior institutions of higher learning have spawned.....
  • SANAC (British-South African history)
    The South African Native Affairs Commission (SANAC) was appointed to provide comprehensive answers to “the native question.” Its report (1905) proposed territorial separation of black and white landownership, systematic urban segregation by the creation of black “locations,” the removal of black “squatters” from white farms and their replacement by wage......
  • Sanada Yukitsura (Japanese official)
    After receiving a traditional Confucian education, Sakuma became one of the most trusted councillors of Sanada Yukitsura, a member of the council of advisers to the shogun, the hereditary military dictator of Japan. His espousal of Japan’s adoption of Western technology, however, was at odds with the shogunate’s xenophobic attitudes, and he and Sanada were forced to resign....
  • Sanaga River (river, Cameroon)
    stream in central Cameroon. Its most important headstreams—the Lom and the Djerem—meet to form the Sanaga about 56 miles (90 km) north-northwest of Bertoua. The river then flows about 325 miles (525 km) southwest across the central plateau past Nanga-Eboko, Monatélé, and Edéa. It broadens to a wide estuary that roughly bisects Cameroon’s Atlantic coastlin...
  • Sanāʾī (Persian poet)
    Persian poet, author of the first great mystical poem in the Persian language, whose verse had great influence on Persian and Muslim literature....
  • Sanaka-sampradāya (Vaiṣṇava sect)
    Nimbārka’s philosophy is known as Bhedābheda because he emphasized both identity and difference of the world and finite souls with Brahman. His religious sect is known as the Sanaka-sampradāya of Vaiṣṇavism. Nimbārka’s commentary of the Vedānta-sūtras is known as Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha and i...
  • Sanakhte (king of Egypt)
    There were links of kinship between Khasekhemwy and the 3rd dynasty, but the change between them is marked by a definitive shift of the royal burial place to Memphis. Its first king, Sanakhte, is attested in reliefs from Maghāra in Sinai. His successor, Djoser (Horus name Netjerykhet), was one of the outstanding kings of Egypt. His Step Pyramid at Ṣaqqārah is both the......
  • Sanana (island, Indonesia)
    ...Maluku propinsi (province), Indonesia. They lie east of central Celebes and between the Molucca Sea (north) and Banda Sea (south). Three large islands, Taliabu (the largest), Mangole, and Sanana (or Sulabesi), and several smaller ones make up the chain. The area of this group is about 1,875 square miles (4,850 square km). Taliabu and Mangole are separated by the narrow Capalulu Strait......
  • Sanandaj (Iran)
    city, northwestern Iran, at an elevation of 4,990 feet (1,521 metres). It was called Sisar, meaning “thirty heads,” in the itineraries of Ibn Khurdazib and Qudameh. The population is mostly Kurds and a few Armenians. During the Iran-Iraq War, the city was attacked by Iraqi planes and also saw disturbances by Kurds. Industries produce carpets, processed hides and sk...
  • Sanarelli, Giuseppe (Italian bacteriologist)
    ...Juan Finlay began to formulate a theory of insect transmission. In succeeding years he maintained and developed the theory but did not succeed in proving it. In 1896 an Italian bacteriologist, Giuseppe Sanarelli, claimed that he had isolated from yellow-fever patients an organism he called Bacillus icteroides. The U.S. Army now appointed Reed and army physician James Carroll to......
  • Sanatan Sikh (Sikhism)
    ...status, the positions they adopted were generally conservative. In response a more radical branch of the Singh Sabha was established in Lahore in 1879. The Amritsar group came to be known as the Sanatan (“Traditional”) Sikhs, whereas the radical Lahore branch was known as the Tat Khalsa....
  • Sănătescu, Constantin (prime minister of Romania)
    Romanian military officer and statesman who was prime minister of Romania’s first liberation government following an antifascist coup of Aug. 23, 1944....
  • Sanatruces (king of Parthia)
    king of Parthia from 76/75 to 70/69 bc, who restored unity to his kingdom....
  • Ṣanawbarī, aṣ- (Muslim poet)
    ...pleasure from Mutanabbī’s poetry as does one whose mother tongue is Arabic. He will probably prefer the delicate verses about gardens and flowers by Mutanabbī’s colleague in Aleppo, aṣ-Ṣanawbarī (died 945), a classic exponent of the descriptive style. This style in time reached Spain, where the superb garden and landscape poetry of Ibn Khaf...
  • Sanbation (legendary river)
    legendary “Sabbath River” beyond which the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel were exiled in 721 bc by Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria. Legends describe it as a roaring torrent (often not of water but of stones), the turbulence of which ceases only on the Sabbath, when Jews are not allowed to travel....
  • Sanborn, Franklin Benjamin (American journalist)
    American journalist, biographer, and charity worker....
  • Sancai tuhui (Chinese text)
    ...Bencao gangmu (late 16th century; “Index of Native Herbs”), a monumental materia medica listing 1,892 herbal concoctions and their applications; Sancai tuhui (1607–09; “Assembled Pictures of the Three Realms”), a work on subjects such as architecture, tools, costumes, ceremonies, animals, and amusements; ......
  • Sancerre (France)
    town, Cher département, Centre région, central France, on a hilltop overlooking the Loire River, about 26 miles (42 km) northeast of Bourges. It is at the centre of a small but renowned white-wine district; the slopes below the town are planted with some 700 acres (280 hectares) of Sauvignon vines, and the hills of 12 surrounding towns are similarly clad in vines. Sanc...
  • Sanches, Francisco (French physician and philosopher)
    physician and philosopher who espoused a “constructive skepticism” that rejected mathematical truths as unreal and Aristotle’s theory of knowledge as false....
  • Sánchez Cerro, Luis M. (president of Peru)
    ...foreign-owned enterprises, and an end to exploitation of Indians. Haya de la Torre returned to Peru to run as the Aprista candidate for president. Peru’s oligarchy threw its support behind Colonel Luis M. Sánchez Cerro. After a hotly disputed election Sánchez Cerro was inaugurated, and Haya de la Torre was jailed until Sánchez Cerro was assassinated in 1933....
  • Sanchez, Chava (Mexican boxer)
    Mexican professional boxer, world featherweight (126 pounds) champion, 1980–82....
  • Sánchez Coello, Alonso (Spanish painter)
    painter who was one of the pioneers of the great tradition of Spanish portrait painting. The favourite portrait painter of King Philip II, he introduced into Spanish portraiture a specifically Spanish character that endured until Velázquez came to the court in the 1620s....
  • Sánchez Cotán, Juan (Spanish painter)
    painter who is considered one of the pioneers of Baroque realism in Spain. A profoundly religious man, he is best known for his still lifes, which in their visual harmony and illusion of depth convey a feeling of humility and mystic spirituality....
  • Sánchez, Cristina (bullfighter)
    ...“beautiful spectator.” In fact, some critics of bullfighting hold toreras in special disdain. Some say the young attractive bullfighters, such as Cristina Sánchez, who in 1996 became the first woman to have taken her alternativa in Europe and who made her debut as a full matador in Spain, are......
  • Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirvén, Antonio (Cuban politician)
    lawyer, educator, Cuban politician, and international jurist who drew up the Bustamante Code dealing with international private law. Adopted by the sixth Pan-American Congress (Havana, 1928), which also elected him president, his code was ratified without reservations by six Latin American nations and in part by nine others....
  • Sánchez de Lozada, Gonzalo (president of Bolivia)
    In the 1993 presidential election, Sánchez de Lozada and the MNR won a plurality, and, in order to ensure his selection by Congress, he formed an alliance with the Solidarity and Civic Union (Unidad Cívica Solidaridad; UCS). Sánchez de Lozada soon initiated a privatization and capitalization program that brought huge amounts of investment capital into the economy. The......
  • Sánchez Ferlosio, Rafael (Spanish author)
    ...of Knowledge”), which reveal him as a consummate practitioner of metafiction, pushing the limits of the self-conscious novel while destroying Francoist myths and creating new, liberating ones. Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio’s El Jarama (1956; “The Jarama”; Eng. trans. The One Day of the Week), masterfully utilizing pseudoscientific impassivi...
  • Sánchez, Florencio (Uruguayan author)
    ...spiritual over materialistic values, as well as resisting cultural dominance by Europe and the United States, continues to influence young writers. Outstanding among Latin American playwrights is Florencio Sánchez; his plays, written around the beginning of the 20th century and dealing with contemporary social problems, are still performed. From about the same period and somewhat later.....
  • Sanchez, Francisco (French physician and philosopher)
    physician and philosopher who espoused a “constructive skepticism” that rejected mathematical truths as unreal and Aristotle’s theory of knowledge as false....
  • Sánchez Hernández, Fidel (president of El Salvador)
    El Salvadoran politician and military man (b. July 7, 1917, El Divisadero, El Salvador—d. Feb. 28, 2003, San Salvador, El Salvador), as president of El Salvador (1967–72), led the country into the so-called Soccer War in 1969. After a career in the military that included stints as a military attaché in Paris and in Washington, D.C., Sánchez Hernández became minis...
  • Sánchez, Luis Alberto (Peruvian politician and author)
    Peruvian politician and author (b. Oct. 12, 1900, Lima, Peru--d. Feb. 6, 1994, Lima), was a prolific man of letters who wrote more than 70 volumes of history, biography, literary criticism, philosophy, fiction, poetry, and autobiography and was politically prominent as a longtime member of the centre-left American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), which was founded by Victor Raúl Haya...
  • Sánchez Muñoz, Gil (antipope)
    antipope from 1423 to 1429....
  • Sánchez Pizarro, Alejandro (Spanish singer-songwriter)
    Spanish pop singer-songwriter Alejandro Sanz continued to figure prominently at the forefront of Latin music in 2002 with the success of his album Alejandro Sanz–MTV Unplugged (2001), which garnered him Latin Grammy awards for best album, best song, and best record of the year in September. The gravelly voiced Sanz had also won these same three awards at the previous year’s ce...
  • Sánchez, Ricardo (American poet)
    U.S. ex-convict turned poetic dean of Chicano literature, a genre that featured writings fraught with descriptions of misery and embittered cries for social justice (b. March 29, 1941--d. Sept. 3, 1995)....
  • Sanchez, Salvador (Mexican boxer)
    Mexican professional boxer, world featherweight (126 pounds) champion, 1980–82....
  • Sanchez, Sonia (American poet)
    American poet, playwright, and educator who was noted for her black activism....
  • Sanchez, Sonia Benita (American poet)
    American poet, playwright, and educator who was noted for her black activism....
  • Sánchez Vilella, Roberto (governor of Puerto Rico)
    Puerto Rican politician who, as governor of Puerto Rico (1964-69), helped modernize the U.S. commonwealth (b. 1913--d. March 25, 1997)....
  • Sānchi (historical site, India)
    historic site, west-central Madhya Pradesh state, central India, just west of the Betwa River. On a flat-topped sandstone hill, rising 300 feet (90 m) above the surrounding country, stands the best-preserved group of Buddhist monuments in India. Most noteworthy is the Great Stupa, discovered in 1818. It was probably begun by the emperor Aśoka in the mid-3rd century ...
  • Sanchi (India)
    historic site, west-central Madhya Pradesh state, central India, just west of the Betwa River. On a flat-topped sandstone hill, rising 300 feet (90 m) above the surrounding country, stands the best-preserved group of Buddhist monuments in India. Most noteworthy is the Great Stupa, discovered in 1818. It was probably begun by the emperor Aśoka in the mid-3rd century ......
  • Sānchi sculpture (Indian art)
    early Indian sculpture that embellished the 1st-century-bc gateways of the Buddhist relic mound called the Great Stupa (stupa No. 1) at Sānchi, Madhya Pradesh, which is one of the most magnificent monuments of its time. The region of Sānchi, however, like the great centres at Sārnāth and Mathura, had a continuous artis...
  • Sancho Abarca (king of Pamplona [Navarre])
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 970, Count of Aragon, and a son of García I (or II). He was defeated by the Moors in 973 and 981 when allied with Castile and Leon. He then submitted to the caliphate, one of his daughters marrying the chief minister of Córdoba, Abū ʿĀmir al-Manṣūr, and becoming a Muslim. Sancho visited Córdoba in 992 to pay ho...
  • Sancho el Bravo (king of Castile and Leon)
    king of Castile and Leon from 1284 to 1295, second son of Alfonso X. Though ambitious and ruthless, he was also an able politician and a cultivated man....
  • Sancho el Craso (king of Leon)
    king of the Spanish state of Leon from 956, a younger son of Ramiro II....
  • Sancho el Deseado (king of Castile)
    king of Castile from 1157 to 1158, the elder son of the Spanish emperor Alfonso VII....
  • Sancho el Fuerte (king of Castile)
    king of Castile from 1065 to 1072, the eldest son of Ferdinand I....
  • Sancho el Fuerte (king of Navarre)
    king of Navarre (Pamplona) from 1194 to 1234, the son of Sancho VI....
  • Sancho el Grande (king of Pamplona [Navarre])
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from about 1000 to 1035, the son of García II (or III)....
  • Sancho el Grande (king of Pamplona [Navarre])
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from about 1000 to 1035, the son of García II (or III)....
  • Sancho el Mayor (king of Pamplona [Navarre])
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from about 1000 to 1035, the son of García II (or III)....
  • Sancho el Sabio (king of Navarre)
    king of Navarre (Pamplona) from 1150 and son of García IV (or V) the Restorer....
  • Sancho García (count of Castile)
    ...Barcelona, Berenguer Ramón I, to accept him as overlord. Gascony did likewise, giving him direct sovereignty over Labourd. As a consequence of his marriage (1010) to Munia, daughter of Count Sancho García (d. 1017) of Castile, Sancho secured his own acceptance as count when Sancho García’s son, the child Count García, was assassinated (1029). He then took up.....
  • Sancho I (king of Leon)
    king of the Spanish state of Leon from 956, a younger son of Ramiro II....
  • Sancho I (king of Portugal)
    second king of Portugal (1185–1211), son of Afonso I....
  • Sancho I Garcés (king of Navarre)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 905. He expanded his kingdom south of the Ebro River and maintained its independence in spite of the sack of his capital in 924 by the Umayyad caliph ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān III of Córdoba....
  • Sancho II (king of Castile)
    king of Castile from 1065 to 1072, the eldest son of Ferdinand I....
  • Sancho II (king of Portugal)
    fourth king of Portugal, son of Afonso II and of Urraca, who was the daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile....
  • Sancho II Garcés (king of Pamplona [Navarre])
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 970, Count of Aragon, and a son of García I (or II). He was defeated by the Moors in 973 and 981 when allied with Castile and Leon. He then submitted to the caliphate, one of his daughters marrying the chief minister of Córdoba, Abū ʿĀmir al-Manṣūr, and becoming a Muslim. Sancho visited Córdoba in 992 to pay ho...
  • Sancho III (king of Castile)
    king of Castile from 1157 to 1158, the elder son of the Spanish emperor Alfonso VII....
  • Sancho III Garcés (king of Pamplona [Navarre])
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from about 1000 to 1035, the son of García II (or III)....
  • Sancho IV (king of Navarre)
    king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1054 to 1076, son of García III (or IV)....
  • Sancho IV (king of Castile and Leon)
    king of Castile and Leon from 1284 to 1295, second son of Alfonso X. Though ambitious and ruthless, he was also an able politician and a cultivated man....
  • Sancho o Capelo (king of Portugal)
    fourth king of Portugal, son of Afonso II and of Urraca, who was the daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile....
  • Sancho o Encapuchado (king of Portugal)
    fourth king of Portugal, son of Afonso II and of Urraca, who was the daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile....
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