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  • sacbrood (insect disease)
    Sacbrood is caused by a virus and is superficially similar to the foulbrood diseases. It can appear and disappear spontaneously but is seldom serious. No chemical control is needed, but if the problem persists the beekeeper usually requeens the colony....
  • saccade (physiology)
    ...more than a fraction of a second; the movements are of three types: (1) irregular movements of high frequency (30–70 per second) and small excursions of about 20 seconds of arc; (2) flicks, or saccades, of several minutes of arc occurring at regular intervals of about one second; and between these saccades there occur (3) slow irregular drifts extending up to six minutes of arc. The......
  • saccades-fixation eye movement (physiology)
    The saccade-and-fixate strategy is the way humans take in information from the world most of the time. However, there is a mismatch between the extremely jerky movements of the image on the retina and the apparently smooth and coherent view of the world that is perceived consciously. While there is no scientific explanation for this discrepancy, it is clear that humans retain little information......
  • saccadic movement (physiology)
    ...more than a fraction of a second; the movements are of three types: (1) irregular movements of high frequency (30–70 per second) and small excursions of about 20 seconds of arc; (2) flicks, or saccades, of several minutes of arc occurring at regular intervals of about one second; and between these saccades there occur (3) slow irregular drifts extending up to six minutes of arc. The......
  • saccadic suppression (physiology)
    ...saccades, vision is seriously impaired for two reasons. First, during large saccades, the image is moving so fast that it is blurred and unusable. Second, an active blanking-off process, known as saccadic suppression, occurs, and this blocks vision for the first part of each saccade. Between saccades, the eyes are held stationary in fixations. It is during these periods, which last on average.....
  • saccharase (enzyme)
    any member of a group of enzymes present in yeast and in the intestinal mucosa of animals that catalyze the hydrolysis of cane sugar, or sucrose, to the simple sugars glucose and fructose....
  • saccharimetry (chemistry)
    French physicist who helped formulate the Biot-Savart law, which concerns magnetic fields, and laid the basis for saccharimetry, a useful technique of analyzing sugar solutions....
  • saccharin (chemical compound)
    organic compound employed as a non-nutritive sweetening agent. It occurs as insoluble saccharin or in the form of various salts, primarily sodium and calcium. Saccharin has about 200–700 times the sweetening power of granulated sugar and has a slightly bitter and metallic aftertaste. For table use, it is sold as 14-, 12-,...
  • Saccharomyces (fungi genus)
    genus of yeasts belonging to the family Saccharomycetaceae (phylum Ascomycota, kingdom Fungi). An outstanding characteristic of members of Saccharomyces is their ability to convert sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol by means of enzymes. The yeasts used to ferment sugars in the manufacture of baked goods, beers, wines, distilled spirits, and industrial alcohols are all strains of one spec...
  • Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (fungi)
    ...fungus”). In brewing it is traditional to refer to ale yeasts used predominantly in top fermentation as top strains of S. cerevisiae and to lager yeasts as bottom strains of S. carlsbergensis. Modern yeast systematics, however, classifies all brewing strains as S. cerevisiae, and many ales are made by bottom fermentation with what were originally top strains....
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae (fungi)
    ...and the chestnut blight (Endothia parasitica). Venturia inequalis, the cause of apple scab. Perhaps the most indispensable fungus of all is an ascomycete, the common yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), whose varieties leaven the dough in bread making and ferment grain to produce beer or mash for distillation of alcoholic liquors; the strains of S. cerevisiae......
  • Saccharomycetales (order of fungi)
    ...SaccharomycetesSaprobic or pathogenic; yeasts reproduce by budding or fission; contains one order.Order Saccharomycetales (ascomycete yeasts)Saprobic or pathogenic in plants and humans; cell walls lack chitin; asci form singly or in chains; example......
  • Saccharomycetes (class of fungi)
    ...budding or fission; contains common yeasts that are relevant to industry (e.g., baking and brewing) and that cause common infections in humans; contains one class.Class SaccharomycetesSaprobic or pathogenic; yeasts reproduce by budding or fission; contains one order.Order Saccharomycetales......
  • Saccharomycotina (subphylum of fungi)
    ...juice; asexual reproduction by fission; asci fuse to form groups of four or eight ascospores; example genus is Schizosaccharomyces.Subphylum Saccharomycotina (true yeasts)Saprobic on plants and animals, including humans, occasionally pathogenic in plants and humans...
  • Saccharum officinarum (plant)
    perennial grass of the genus Saccharum cultivated for its juice, from which sugar is processed. Most present-day commercial canes are the offsprings or hybrids of the species Saccharum officinarum, which was developed from a wild cane species, Saccharum robustom, and cultivated by natives of southern Pacific Islands. This article treats the cultivation of the sugarcane plant. ...
  • Saccharum robustom (plant)
    ...juice, from which sugar is processed. Most present-day commercial canes are the offsprings or hybrids of the species Saccharum officinarum, which was developed from a wild cane species, Saccharum robustom, and cultivated by natives of southern Pacific Islands. This article treats the cultivation of the sugarcane plant. For information on the processing of cane sugar and the......
  • Saccharum spontaneum (plant)
    ...thick, barrel-shaped internodes, or segments; large, soft-rinded, juicy stalks; and high sugar content. Original noble canes were susceptible to some serious cane diseases; their hybridization with wild canes was successful because, although wild cane Saccharum spontaneum contains little sugar, it is immune to most diseases....
  • Saccheri, Gerolamo (Italian philosopher and mathematician)
    ...postulates, and definitions in a Euclidean fashion occurs in the otherwise quite traditional Logica Demonstrativa (1697; “Demonstrative Logic”) of the Italian Jesuit Gerolamo Saccheri. Saccheri is better known for his suggestion of the possibility of a non-Euclidean geometry in Euclides ab Omni Naevo Vindicatus (1733; “Euclid Cleared of Every......
  • Saccheri, Girolamo (Italian philosopher and mathematician)
    ...postulates, and definitions in a Euclidean fashion occurs in the otherwise quite traditional Logica Demonstrativa (1697; “Demonstrative Logic”) of the Italian Jesuit Gerolamo Saccheri. Saccheri is better known for his suggestion of the possibility of a non-Euclidean geometry in Euclides ab Omni Naevo Vindicatus (1733; “Euclid Cleared of Every......
  • Sacchetti, Franco (Italian author)
    Italian poet and storyteller whose work is typical of late 14th-century Florentine literature....
  • Sacchi, Andrea (Italian painter)
    Italian painter, the chief Italian representative of the Classical style in the 17th-century painting of Rome....
  • Sacchis, Giovanni Antonio de’ (Italian painter)
    High Renaissance Italian painter chiefly known for his frescoes of religious subjects....
  • Saccifolium bandeirae (plant)
    The bizarre-looking Saccifolium bandeirae, known from a single mountain peak in the Guiana region of southern Venezuela and northern Brazil, used to be placed in its own family, Saccifoliaceae. Now it has been shown to belong near the base of the family tree of Gentianaceae; it differs mainly in its pouchlike or saccate leaves clustered at the tips of the branches. Another group recently......
  • Sacco, Nicola (American anarchist)
    ...her political and social ideals made her a symbol of the youth of her time. In 1927 she donated the proceeds from her poem Justice Denied in Massachusetts to the defense of Sacco and Vanzetti and personally appealed to the governor of the state for their lives. Her major later works include The Buck in the Snow (1928), which introduced a more......
  • Sacco-Vanzetti case (United States law case)
    controversial murder trial in Massachusetts, U.S., extending over seven years, 1920–27, and resulting in the execution of the defendants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti....
  • Saccoglossus (acorn worm genus)
    ...The “acorn” consists of a muscular proboscis and a collar that may be used to burrow into soft sand or mud. The animals vary in length from about 5 cm (about 2 inches) in certain Saccoglossus species to more than 180 cm (about 6 feet) in Balanoglossus gigas. About 70 species have been described....
  • Sacconi, Giuseppe (Italian architect)
    ...This revival was appropriate in a country that was home to the Renaissance. It thus blended well with the growth of Italian nationalism, of which the most conspicuous architectural expression is Giuseppe Sacconi’s Monument to Victor Emmanuel II, Rome (1885–1911). This amazingly confident, if generally unloved, re-creation of imperial Roman grandeur commemorates the king under whom...
  • Saccopastore skulls (hominid fossils)
    two Neanderthal fossils found in 1929 and 1935 in a river deposit on the bank of a small tributary of the Tiber River outside Rome. The skulls, which represent an early phase in the development of western European Neanderthals, are between 70,000 and 100,000 years old....
  • Saccopharyngidae (fish family)
    ...(or Lyomeri). Gulpers range to depths of 2,700 m (9,000 feet) or more. The members of one family, Monognathidae, have mouths of normal proportions, but the other gulpers (Eurypharyngidae and Saccopharyngidae) are noted for their enormous mouths. In the Eurypharyngidae, the mouth is longer than the body. In the Saccopharyngidae, it is somewhat smaller but still huge. Gulpers are......
  • Saccopharyngiformes (fish)
    any of nine species of deep-sea fish constituting three families, placed by some authorities in the order Anguilliformes (eels) and by others in a distinct order, Saccopharyngiformes (or Lyomeri). Gulpers range to depths of 2,700 m (9,000 feet) or more. The members of one family, Monognathidae, have mouths of normal proportions, but the other gulpers (Eurypharyngidae and Saccopharyngidae) are not...
  • Saccopharyngoidei (fish)
    any of nine species of deep-sea fish constituting three families, placed by some authorities in the order Anguilliformes (eels) and by others in a distinct order, Saccopharyngiformes (or Lyomeri). Gulpers range to depths of 2,700 m (9,000 feet) or more. The members of one family, Monognathidae, have mouths of normal proportions, but the other gulpers (Eurypharyngidae and Saccopharyngidae) are not...
  • Saccopteryx bilineata (mammal)
    ...they be too early, their internal clock may be reset. A few species of bats, including a flying fox (Pteropus samoensis), the yellow-winged bat (Lavia frons), and the greater sac-winged bat Saccopteryx bilineata, may forage actively during the day, but little is yet known of their special adaptations....
  • Saccostomus (mammal genus)
    The short-tailed pouched rats (genus Saccostomus) are small and thickset, weighing about 75 grams (2.6 ounces) and having bodies up to 18 cm long and much shorter tails. Both species (S. campestris and S. mearnsi) are soft-furred, nocturnal, and slow-moving. They feed primarily on seeds during wet periods......
  • Saccostomus campestris (mammal)
    ...pouched rats (genus Saccostomus) are small and thickset, weighing about 75 grams (2.6 ounces) and having bodies up to 18 cm long and much shorter tails. Both species (S. campestris and S. mearnsi) are soft-furred, nocturnal, and slow-moving. They feed primarily on seeds during wet periods but also eat insects during drought. Although they......
  • Saccostomus mearnsi (mammal)
    ...are small and thickset, weighing about 75 grams (2.6 ounces) and having bodies up to 18 cm long and much shorter tails. Both species (S. campestris and S. mearnsi) are soft-furred, nocturnal, and slow-moving. They feed primarily on seeds during wet periods but also eat insects during drought. Although they can excavate their own burrows,......
  • saccule (anatomy)
    Each saccule and utricle has a single cluster, or macula, of hair cells located in the vertical and horizontal planes, respectively. Resting upon the hair cells is a gelatinous membrane in which are embedded calcareous granules called otoliths. Changes in linear acceleration alter the pressure on the otoliths, causing displacement of the cilia and providing an adequate stimulus for membrane......
  • Sacculina (crustacean)
    Parasitic cirripedes of the order Rhizocephala (about 230 species), such as Sacculina, lack appendages, shell, and gut and resemble fungi. Females parasitize decapod crustaceans (crabs and allies) by sending rootlike absorptive processes through the host’s body; this intrusion inhibits the host’s reproductive development (parasitic castration). Parasites of the order Ascothora...
  • sacerdotal celibacy (religious chastity)
    Celibacy is practiced in a variety of different contexts. One type of celibacy is sacerdotal, the celibacy of priests and priestesses. A priest may be defined as one who, as a mediator, performs the sacred function of communicating through rites the needs of the people to heaven and the sacred power and presence from heaven to the congregation. His function is objective. Its efficacy is assured......
  • sacerdotalism (Christianity)
    ...bread and wine, however, do not change their substance, and, for Luther, there was no miracle of the mass in which the priest was thought to alter the substance of the sacrifice. This view undercut sacerdotalism, which emphasized the intermediary role of the priest between God and humankind, since the words of the priest did not bring the body of Christ to the altar. The undercutting of......
  • sacerdotium (European history)
    After the dissolution of the Roman Empire, the idea arose of Europe as one large church-state, called Christendom. Christendom was thought to consist of two distinct groups of functionaries, the sacerdotium, or ecclesiastical hierarchy, and the imperium, or secular leaders. In theory these two groups complemented each other, attending to people’s spiritual and temporal needs, respectively.....
  • SACEUR (international affairs)
    ...to demonstrate that it would resist any Soviet military expansion or pressures in Europe. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the leader of the Allied forces in western Europe in World War II, was named Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) by the North Atlantic Council (NATO’s governing body) in December 1950. He was followed as SACEUR by a succession of American generals....
  • Sachalin (oblast, Russia)
    oblast (province), extreme eastern Russia, composed of Sakhalin Island and the chain of the Kuril Islands. The present oblast was formed in 1947 after southern Sakhalin and the Kurils were acquired from Japan. The economy is dominated by fishing, lumbering, coal mining, and the extraction of oil and natural gas in the north. Area (land) 33,600 square miles (87,100 ...
  • Sachalin Island (island, Russia)
    island at the far eastern end of Russia. It is located between the Tatar Strait and the Sea of Okhotsk, north of the Japanese island of Hokkaido. With the Kuril Islands, it forms Sakhalin oblast (province)....
  • Sacher, Paul (Swiss conductor and entrepreneur)
    Swiss conductor, businessman, and patron of the arts (b. April 28, 1906, Basel, Switz.—d. May 26, 1999, Basel), catalyzed 20th-century music by using his immense wealth to commission some 200 compositions. He studied conducting with Felix Weingartner and was trained as a musicologist by Karl Nef at the University of Basel. In 1926 he founded the Basel Chamber Orchestra, and in 1933 he estab...
  • Sacher-Masoch, Chevalier Leopold von (Austrian author)
    psychosexual disorder in which erotic release is achieved through having pain inflicted on oneself. The term derives from the name of Chevalier Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, an Austrian who wrote extensively about the satisfaction he gained by being beaten and subjugated. The amount of pain involved can vary from ritual humiliation with little violence to severe whipping or beating; generally the......
  • Sacheverell, Henry (Anglican clergyman)
    English preacher, an assertively narrow-minded supporter of the Anglican state whose impeachment by the Whigs enabled the Tories to win control of the government in 1710. Although he was an obsessive man given to excessive vindictiveness in his writings, his cause was championed by a populace weary of the Whig-directed war against France (War of the Spanish Succession, 1701...
  • Sachs, Curt (German musicologist)
    eminent German musicologist, teacher, and authority on musical instruments....
  • Sachs, Ferdinand Gustav Julius von (German botanist)
    German botanist whose experimental study of nutrition, tropism, and transpiration of water greatly advanced the knowledge of plant physiology, and the cause of experimental biology in general, during the second half of the 19th century....
  • Sachs, Hans (German poet and composer)
    German burgher, meistersinger, and poet who was outstanding for his popularity, output, and aesthetic and religious influence. He is idealized in Richard Wagner’s opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg....
  • Sachs Harbour (Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada)
    ...caribou, polar bears, and many birds. First sighted by Sir William Parry’s expedition in 1820, it was named for Sir Joseph Banks. Vilhjalmur Stefansson explored the interior in 1914–17. Sachs Harbour on its southwest coast, with air service to Inuvik on the mainland, is a base for trappers (especially of white fox) and for oil exploration....
  • Sachs, Jeffrey D. (American economist)
    American economist, who advised countries throughout the world in economic reform and developed initiatives intended to eradicate poverty on a global scale....
  • Sachs, Jeffrey David (American economist)
    American economist, who advised countries throughout the world in economic reform and developed initiatives intended to eradicate poverty on a global scale....
  • Sachs, Julius von (German botanist)
    German botanist whose experimental study of nutrition, tropism, and transpiration of water greatly advanced the knowledge of plant physiology, and the cause of experimental biology in general, during the second half of the 19th century....
  • Sachs, Nelly (German writer)
    German poet and dramatist who became a poignant spokesperson for the grief and yearnings of her fellow Jews. When, with Shmuel Yosef Agnon, she was awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize for Literature, she observed that Agnon represented Israel whereas “I represent the tragedy of the Jewish people.”...
  • Sachs, Nelly Leonie (German writer)
    German poet and dramatist who became a poignant spokesperson for the grief and yearnings of her fellow Jews. When, with Shmuel Yosef Agnon, she was awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize for Literature, she observed that Agnon represented Israel whereas “I represent the tragedy of the Jewish people.”...
  • Sachs-Hornbostel system (music classification)
    ...material, craftsmanship, and exuberant imagination that produced an endless variety of stringed instruments. In the West the most widely accepted system of classification is that developed by Hornbostel and Sachs, a method based on the type of material that is set into vibration to produce the original sound. Thus, stringed instruments are identified as chordophones—that is to say,......
  • Sachse, H. (German chemist)
    Baeyer’s ideas, although still considered essentially correct, have been significantly extended. Another German chemist, H. Sachse, in 1890 suggested that in rings of six or more atoms the strain can be relieved completely if the ring is not planar but puckered, as in the so-called chair and boat conformations of cyclohexane. These large rings should then be as stable as those of five......
  • Sachsen (historical region, duchy, and kingdom, Europe)
    any of several major territories in German history. It has been applied: (1) before ad 1180, to an extensive far-north German region including Holstein but lying mainly west and southwest of the estuary and lower course of the Elbe River; (2) between 1180 and 1423, to two much smaller and widely separated areas, one on the right (east) bank of the lower Elbe southeast of Holstein, th...
  • Sachsen (state, Germany)
    Land (state), eastern Germany. Poland lies to the east of Saxony, and the Czech Republic lies to the south. Saxony also borders the German states of Saxony-Anhalt to the northwest, Brandenburg to the north, Bavaria to the southwest, and Th...
  • Sachsen-Altenburg (duchy, Germany)
    From 1826 there were four duchies: the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach); the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Meiningen-Hildburghausen); the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg); and the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha). The territories of the duchies were fragmented, and in the same area there were several exclaves of......
  • Sachsen-Anhalt (state, Germany)
    Land (state), east-central Germany. Saxony-Anhalt borders the German states of Brandenburg to the east, Saxony to the south, Thuringia to the southwest, and Lower Saxony to the northwest. The state capital is Magdeburg. Area 7,895 square miles (20,...
  • Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (duchy, Germany)
    ...grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach); the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Meiningen-Hildburghausen); the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg); and the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha). The territories of the duchies were fragmented, and in the same area there were several exclaves of Prussian and other territories.......
  • Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, Franz Albrecht August Karl Emanuel, Prinz von (British prince)
    the prince consort of Queen Victoria of Great Britain and father of King Edward VII. Although Albert himself was undeservedly unpopular, the domestic happiness of the royal couple was well known and helped to assure the continuation of the monarchy, which was by no means certain on the Queen’s accession. On his death from typhoid fever, the British public, which had regar...
  • Sachsen-Meiningen-Hildburghausen (duchy, Germany)
    From 1826 there were four duchies: the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach); the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Meiningen-Hildburghausen); the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg); and the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha). The territories of the duchies were fragmented, and in the same area there were several exclaves of......
  • Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (duchy, Germany)
    From 1826 there were four duchies: the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach); the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Meiningen-Hildburghausen); the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg); and the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha). The territories of the duchies were fragmented,......
  • Sachsenhausen (concentration camp, Germany)
    one of the major Nazi German concentration camps, located at the edge of Oranienburg, 21 miles (34 km) northwest of Berlin. Sachsenhausen was established in 1936 as the northern German component of the system that would include Buchenwald (for central Germany) and Dachau (for southern Germany)....
  • Sachsenhausen Appellation (historical proclamation)
    Louis hit back with several proclamations of his own, notably the so-called Sachsenhausen Appellation of May 22, 1324, in which the charge of heresy was turned against the Pope. The argumentation ill-advisedly dealt with constitutional problems touching on the empire as well as with doctrinal points. Louis quickly acknowledged this as a mistake and softened its effect, but at this time the......
  • Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg (concentration camp, Germany)
    one of the major Nazi German concentration camps, located at the edge of Oranienburg, 21 miles (34 km) northwest of Berlin. Sachsenhausen was established in 1936 as the northern German component of the system that would include Buchenwald (for central Germany) and Dachau (for southern Germany)....
  • Sachsenspiegel (Saxon law)
    the most important of the medieval compilations of Saxon customary law. Collected in the early 13th century by Eike von Repgow (also spelled Repkow, Repchow, or Repgau), a knight and a judge, it was written originally in Latin and later in German and showed little Roman influence, largely because Roman law was still virtually unknown at that time and had not p...
  • Sächsische Herzogtümer (historical region, Germany)
    several former states in the Thuringian region of east-central Germany, ruled by members of the Ernestine branch of the house of Wettin between 1485 and 1918; today their territory occupies Thuringia Land (state) and a small portion of northern Bavaria Land in Germany....
  • Sächsische Volkspartei (political party, Germany)
    ...associations into an alliance with the radical anti-Prussian democrats, for Bebel and Liebknecht, the workers’ leaders, were implacable opponents of Bismarck. The Sächsische Volkspartei (Saxon People’s Party) was thus brought into being, and in 1867 Bebel entered the constituent Reichstag of the North German confederation as a member for this party. Eventually, this and oth...
  • Šachty (Russia)
    city, Rostov oblast (province), western Russia. It lies along the upper Grushevka River, 47 miles (75 km) northeast of Rostov-na-Donu. Shakhty developed in the early 19th century as a coal-mining centre and became a city in 1881. It is now the main city of the eastern end of the Donets Basin coalfield and is surrounded by many pits and their waste heaps. (The city’s name means ...
  • sack (clothing)
    ...the waist and a framework petticoat to define the shape of the skirt. In the early decades this was a hoop skirt, circular in section and very full. A popular style of gown worn over this was the sack (sacque), which had been derived from the informal house dress of the early years of the century. In France this style was often called the ......
  • sackbut (French musical instrument)
    (from Old French saqueboute: “pull-push”), early trombone, invented in the 15th century, probably in Burgundy. It has thicker walls than the modern trombone, imparting a softer tone, and its bell is narrower....
  • sackcloth (penitential garment)
    During Lent also, grievous sinners were excluded from Communion and prepared for their restoration. As a sign of their penitence, they wore sackcloth and were sprinkled with ashes (Tertullian, De paenitentia 11; compare the biblical precedents: Jeremiah 6:26; Jonah 3:6; Matthew 11:21). This form of public penance began to die out in the 9th century. At the same time, it became customary......
  • Sackler, Arthur M. (American physician)
    American physician, medical publisher, and art collector who made large donations of money and art to universities and museums....
  • Sackler, Arthur Mitchell (American physician)
    American physician, medical publisher, and art collector who made large donations of money and art to universities and museums....
  • Sacks, Oliver (British-American neurologist and writer)
    Consciousness and brain function have been examined through the lens of many disciplines, including philosophy, biology, psychology, and artificial intelligence. One of the most insightful approaches, however, was that of neurologist Oliver Sacks, who crafted artistic case histories of neurologically damaged persons that illuminated the existential as well as pathological condition of the patient....
  • Sacks, Oliver Wolf (British-American neurologist and writer)
    Consciousness and brain function have been examined through the lens of many disciplines, including philosophy, biology, psychology, and artificial intelligence. One of the most insightful approaches, however, was that of neurologist Oliver Sacks, who crafted artistic case histories of neurologically damaged persons that illuminated the existential as well as pathological condition of the patient....
  • Sackville (New Brunswick, Canada)
    Consciousness and brain function have been examined through the lens of many disciplines, including philosophy, biology, psychology, and artificial intelligence. One of the most insightful approaches, however, was that of neurologist Oliver Sacks, who crafted artistic case histories of neurologically damaged persons that illuminated the existential as well as pathological condition of the patient....
  • Sackville, Lord George (English politician and soldier)
    English soldier and politician. He was dismissed from the British army for his failure to obey orders in the Battle of Minden (1759) during the Seven Years’ War. As colonial secretary he was partly responsible for the British defeat at Saratoga (1777) in the American Revolutionary War....
  • Sackville of Drayton, George Sackville-Germain, 1st Viscount, Baron Bolebrooke of Sussex (English politician and soldier)
    English soldier and politician. He was dismissed from the British army for his failure to obey orders in the Battle of Minden (1759) during the Seven Years’ War. As colonial secretary he was partly responsible for the British defeat at Saratoga (1777) in the American Revolutionary War....
  • Sackville, Thomas, 1st earl of Dorset (English statesman, poet, and dramatist)
    English statesman, poet, and dramatist, remembered largely for his share in two achievements of significance in the development of Elizabethan poetry and drama: the collection A Myrrour for Magistrates (1563) and the tragedy Gorboduc (1561)....
  • Sackville-Germain, Lord George (English politician and soldier)
    English soldier and politician. He was dismissed from the British army for his failure to obey orders in the Battle of Minden (1759) during the Seven Years’ War. As colonial secretary he was partly responsible for the British defeat at Saratoga (1777) in the American Revolutionary War....
  • Sackville-West, V. (British writer)
    English novelist and poet who wrote chiefly about the Kentish countryside, where she spent most of her life....
  • Sackville-West, Victoria Mary (British writer)
    English novelist and poet who wrote chiefly about the Kentish countryside, where she spent most of her life....
  • Sackville-West, Vita (British writer)
    English novelist and poet who wrote chiefly about the Kentish countryside, where she spent most of her life....
  • SACLANT (international affairs)
    ...subsumes two major commands: the European Command, headed by the SACEUR and located at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Casteau, Belgium; and the Atlantic Command, headed by the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) and headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. A third major command, the Channel Command (for the English Channel), was headed by the Commander in Chief......
  • Saco (Maine, United States)
    city, York county, southwestern Maine, U.S., at the mouth of the Saco River opposite Biddeford. Founded with Biddeford in 1631 as a single plantation, it was the seat of Sir Ferdinando Gorges’ government (1636–53) before passing to Massachusetts. It was called Saco until 1718 and Biddeford until it was separately incorporated (...
  • Sacoglossa (gastropod order)
    ...and gill usually present; no parapodia (extensions of foot); sperm groove open; shell prominent, reduced, or hidden by mantle; 2 families.Order SacoglossaOne file of radular teeth; sperm duct a closed tube; shell reduced to bivalved (Juliidae); many feed by sucking juices out of algae; several families with uncertain......
  • SACP (political party, South Africa)
    ...(a right-wing white party), the Democratic Party (the heir to a long liberal tradition in white politics), and the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC; a group that broke away from the ANC in 1959). The South African Communist Party, a longtime ally of the ANC in the fight against apartheid, entered candidates for the 1994 election on the ANC’s lists, as did the South African National Civic......
  • sacque (clothing)
    ...the waist and a framework petticoat to define the shape of the skirt. In the early decades this was a hoop skirt, circular in section and very full. A popular style of gown worn over this was the sack (sacque), which had been derived from the informal house dress of the early years of the century. In France this style was often called the ......
  • sacra (anatomy)
    wedge-shaped triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column, above the caudal (tail) vertebrae, or coccyx, that articulates (connects) with the pelvic girdle. In humans it is usually composed of five vertebrae, which fuse in early adulthood. The top of the first (uppermost) sacral vertebra articulates with the last (lowest) lumbar vertebra. The transverse processes of the ...
  • sacra conversazione (motif in art)
    ...manner, revealing the painter’s increasingly sure and harmonious pictorial idiom. Angelico’s Annalena Altarpiece, also of the 1430s, is, so far as is known, the first sacra conversazione (i.e., “sacred conversation,” a representation of the Holy Family) of the Renaissance....
  • sacra pagina (Christianity)
    In medieval terms, sacred doctrine (sacra doctrina) is to be read as directly as possible from the sacred page (sacra pagina). Moreover, it is a commonplace—from Thomas à Kempis (The Imitation of Christ, I.5) in the 15th century through John Calvin (......
  • sacra rappresentazione (Italian drama)
    (Italian: “holy performance”), in theatre, 15th-century Italian ecclesiastical drama similar to the mystery plays of France and England and the auto sacramental of Spain. Originating and flourishing in Florence, these religious dramas represented scenes from the Old and New Testaments, from pious legends, and from the lives of the saints. The plays were didactic, using dialog...
  • Sacra, Via (ancient road, Italy)
    (Italian: “holy performance”), in theatre, 15th-century Italian ecclesiastical drama similar to the mystery plays of France and England and the auto sacramental of Spain. Originating and flourishing in Florence, these religious dramas represented scenes from the Old and New Testaments, from pious legends, and from the lives of the saints. The plays were didactic, using dialog...
  • Sacrae symphoniae (work by Gabrieli)
    ...in the late 16th century to combine and contrast an instrumental consort (mainly winds) with voices in a type of religious composition called the sacred concerto. In the Sacrae symphoniae (1597 and 1615) of Giovanni Gabrieli, for example, an ensemble of three cornetts, two trombones, and tenor violin accompanies solo voices, alternates with and accompanies one......
  • sacral curve (anatomy)
    ...in a single arc (the highest portion occurring at the middle of the back), which functions somewhat like a bow spring in locomotion. In humans this primary curve is modified by three more: (1) a sacral curve, in which the sacrum curves backward and helps support the abdominal organs, (2) an anterior cervical curve, which develops soon after birth as the head is raised, and (3) a lumbar......
  • sacral foramen (anatomy)
    ...the ilia to complete the pelvic girdle. The sacrum is held in place in this joint, which is called the sacroiliac, by a complex mesh of ligaments. Between the fused transverse processes of the lower sacral vertebrae, on each side, are a series of four openings (sacral foramina); the sacral nerves and blood vessels pass through these openings. A sacral canal running down through the centre of th...
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