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Saguinus imperator (primate)
There are at least 12 species in the tamarin genus Saguinus. Although they lack the manes of lion tamarins, some have notable features. The emperor tamarin (S. imperator) of the southwestern Amazon basin, for example, has a long white mustache complementing its long grizzled fur and reddish tail, whereas the mustached tamarin (......
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Saguinus midas (primate)
...has a small white upswept mustache. The cotton-top tamarin (S. oedipus), found in Colombia and Panama, has a scruffy white crest of hair on the top of its head. The golden-handed tamarin, S. midas, is named for the mythological Greek king....
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Saguinus mystax (primate)
...emperor tamarin (S. imperator) of the southwestern Amazon basin, for example, has a long white mustache complementing its long grizzled fur and reddish tail, whereas the mustached tamarin (S. mystax) has a small white upswept mustache. The cotton-top tamarin (S. oedipus), found in Colombia and Panama, has a.....
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Saguinus oedipus (primate)
...has a long white mustache complementing its long grizzled fur and reddish tail, whereas the mustached tamarin (S. mystax) has a small white upswept mustache. The cotton-top tamarin (S. oedipus), found in Colombia and Panama, has a scruffy white crest of hair on the top of its head. The golden-handed tamarin, ......
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Sagun, Ambika (Indian actress)
Indian actress whose career of more than 600 films was most notably defined by her roles as a mean, domineering mother-in-law; her performances were enhanced by a permanent squint in one eye, the result of an accident on a film set (b. April 18, 1918, Indore, India--d. Feb. 24, 1998, Pune, India)....
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saguṇa (Hindu concept)
...Hindu philosophy of Vedānta, raising the question of whether the supreme being, Brahman, is to be characterized as without qualities (nirguṇa) or as possessing qualities (saguṇa)....
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Sagunto (Spain)
town, Valencia provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain, at the foot of the Peñas de Pajarito, on the western bank of the Palancia River, just north-northeast of Valencia city. Of Iberian orig...
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Saguntum (Spain)
town, Valencia provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain, at the foot of the Peñas de Pajarito, on the western bank of the Palancia River, just north-northeast of Valencia city. Of Iberian orig...
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SAH (pathology)
CT is the preferred examination for evaluating stroke, particularly subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as abdominal tumours and abscesses....
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Saha equation (astronomy)
Indian astrophysicist noted for his development in 1920 of the thermal ionization equation, which, in the form perfected by the British astrophysicist Edward A. Milne, has remained fundamental in all work on stellar atmospheres. This equation has been widely applied to the interpretation of stellar spectra, which are characteristic of the chemical composition of the light source. The Saha......
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Saha ionization (astrophysics)
Atoms with low ionization potentials can be ionized by contact with the heated surface of a metal, generally a filament, having a high work function (the energy required to remove an electron from its surface) in a process called thermal, or surface, ionization. This can be a highly efficient method and has the experimental advantage of producing ions with a small energy spread characteristic......
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Saha, Meghnad N. (Indian astrophysicist)
Indian astrophysicist noted for his development in 1920 of the thermal ionization equation, which, in the form perfected by the British astrophysicist Edward A. Milne, has remained fundamental in all work on stellar atmospheres. This equation has been widely applied to the interpretation of stellar spectra, which are characteristic of the chemical composition of the light source...
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Saha Pracha Thai Party (political party, Thailand)
...democracy and appointed a commission to write Thailand’s eighth constitution since the revolution of June 1932. It was adopted in June 1968, and elections were held in February 1969. Thanom’s United Thai People’s Party won a parliamentary majority, and Thanom continued as both prime minister and minister of defense....
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Sahab, Muhammad (Minangkabau leader)
Minangkabau religious leader, key member of the Padri faction in the religious Padri War, which divided the Minangkabau people of Sumatra in the 19th century....
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Ṣaḥāba (Islamic history)
in Islām, followers of Muḥammad who had personal contact with him, however slight. In fact, any Muslim who was alive in any part of the Prophet’s lifetime and saw him may be reckoned among the Companions. The first four caliphs, who are the ṣaḥābah held in highest esteem among Sunnite Muslims, are part of a group of ...
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Ṣaḥābah (Islamic history)
in Islām, followers of Muḥammad who had personal contact with him, however slight. In fact, any Muslim who was alive in any part of the Prophet’s lifetime and saw him may be reckoned among the Companions. The first four caliphs, who are the ṣaḥābah held in highest esteem among Sunnite Muslims, are part of a group of ...
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Sahagalli (India)
city, southern Maharashtra state, western India. It lies along the Krishna River, east of Kolhapur on the Pune-Bangalore railway. The city is the former capital (1761–1947) of Sangli state. Its market in oilseeds and turmeric is one of the most important in India. Sangli contains a Ganapati temple that attracts many pilgrims. The city’s industries include cotton-te...
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Sahagún, Bernardino de (Spanish historian)
...that have been planned deliberately for a special purpose. One that is unique and continues to be of the greatest value to historians is the work of the 16th-century Spanish Franciscan Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, who spent much of his life in missionary work in Mexico. Sahagún was ordered to write in Nahuatl the information needed by his colleagues for the conversion of......
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Sahagún de Fox, Martha (Mexican first lady)
...American Free Trade Agreement. As a result, in the 2003 legislative elections the PAN suffered major losses to the PRI, further eroding Fox’s ability to push through his reforms. In 2004 Fox’s wife, Martha Sahagún de Fox, briefly considered seeking the Mexican presidency (Fox was constitutionally ineligible for a second term), but her potential candidacy aroused considerabl...
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Sahaif-ül-Ahbar (work by Müneccimbaşı)
Müneccimbaşı’s great work, written in Arabic, was titled Jāmiʿ al-duwal (“The Compendium of Nations”). Sahaif-ül-Ahbar . . . (“The Pages of the Chronicle”), a Turkish summary translation made by the poet Ahmed Nedin, is the only published version. The work is a universal history that starts with Adam and end...
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Sahaj-Dhari (Sikh religious group)
The Sahaj-Dharis are one of two groups of Sikhs that do not wear uncut hair. They also reject other injunctions of the Rahit, and they do not adopt typical Sikh personal names. Tat Khalsa scholars once believed that sahaj-dhari meant “slow-adopter” and was used to designate Sikhs who were on the path to full Khalsa......
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sahaja (Hinduism)
member of an esoteric Hindu cult centred in Bengal that sought religious experience through the world of the senses, specifically human sexual love. Sahaja (Sanskrit: “easy” or “natural”) as a system of worship was prevalent in the Tantric traditions common to both Hinduism and Buddhism in Bengal as early as the 8th–9th centuries. The divine romance of......
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Sahajayāna (Tantrism)
...taught that giving up the world was not necessary for release from transmigration and that one could achieve the highest state by living a life of simplicity in one’s own home. This system, known as Sahajayana (“Vehicle of the Natural” or “Easy Vehicle”), influenced both Bengali devotional Vaishnavism, which produced a sect called Vaisnava-Sahajiya with simila...
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Sahajiyā (Hindu cult)
member of an esoteric Hindu cult centred in Bengal that sought religious experience through the world of the senses, specifically human sexual love. Sahaja (Sanskrit: “easy” or “natural”) as a system of worship was prevalent in the Tantric traditions common to both Hinduism and Buddhism in Bengal as early as the 8th–9th centuries. The divine romance of ...
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Sahak the Great, Saint (Armenian religious leader)
celebrated catholicos, or spiritual head, of the Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church, principal advocate of Armenian cultural and ecclesiastical independence and collaborator in the first translation of the Bible and varied Christian literature into Armenian....
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Sahand, Mount (mountain, Iran)
...Iran, emits gas and mud at sporadic intervals. In the north, however, Mount Damāvand has been inactive in historical times, as have Mount Sabalān (15,787 feet [4,812 metres]) and Mount Sahand (12,172 feet [3,710 metres]) in the northwest. The volcanic belt extends some 1,200 miles (1,900 km) from the border with Azerbaijan in the northwest to Baluchistan in the southeast. In......
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Sahaptian (people)
linguistic grouping of North American Indian tribes speaking related languages within the Penutian family. They traditionally resided in what are now southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and west-central Idaho, U.S., in the basin of the Columbia River and its tributaries. Major groups included the Cayuse, Molala, Palouse (or Palus), Nez Perc...
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Sahaptian languages
...phylum consists of 15 language families with about 20 languages; the families are Wintun (two languages), Miwok-Costanoan (perhaps five Miwokan languages, plus three extinct Costanoan languages), Sahaptin (two languages), Yakonan (two extinct languages), Yokutsan (three languages), and Maiduan (four languages)—plus Klamath-Modoc, Cayuse (extinct),......
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Sahaptin (people)
linguistic grouping of North American Indian tribes speaking related languages within the Penutian family. They traditionally resided in what are now southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and west-central Idaho, U.S., in the basin of the Columbia River and its tributaries. Major groups included the Cayuse, Molala, Palouse (or Palus), Nez Perc...
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Sahaptin languages
...phylum consists of 15 language families with about 20 languages; the families are Wintun (two languages), Miwok-Costanoan (perhaps five Miwokan languages, plus three extinct Costanoan languages), Sahaptin (two languages), Yakonan (two extinct languages), Yokutsan (three languages), and Maiduan (four languages)—plus Klamath-Modoc, Cayuse (extinct),......
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Sahara (desert, Africa)
largest desert in the world. Filling nearly all of northern Africa, it measures approximately 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometres) from east to west and between 800 and 1,200 miles from north to south and has a total area of some 3,320,000 square miles (8,600,000 square kilometres). The Sahara is bordered in the west by the Atlantic Ocean, in the north by the Atlas Mountains and Medit...
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Ṣaḥārāʾ (desert, Africa)
largest desert in the world. Filling nearly all of northern Africa, it measures approximately 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometres) from east to west and between 800 and 1,200 miles from north to south and has a total area of some 3,320,000 square miles (8,600,000 square kilometres). The Sahara is bordered in the west by the Atlantic Ocean, in the north by the Atlas Mountains and Medit...
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Sahara sand viper (snake)
genus of venomous, desert-dwelling snakes of the viper family, Viperidae. There are two species, the horned viper (C. cerastes), which usually has a spinelike scale above each eye, and the common, or Sahara, sand viper (C. vipera), which lacks these scales. Both species are small (seldom more than 60 cm [about 2 feet] long), stocky, and broad-headed and are found in northern......
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Saharan Atlas (mountains, Africa)
part of the chain of Atlas Mountains, extending across northern Africa from Algeria into Tunisia. The principal ranges from west to east are the Ksour, Amour, Ouled-Naïl, Zab, Aurès, and Tébessa (Tabassah). Mount Chélia (7,638 feet [2,328 m]) is the highest point in northern Algeria, and ash-Shaʿnabī...
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Saharan languages
group of languages that constitutes one of the major divisions of Nilo-Saharan languages. Saharan languages are spoken mainly around Lake Chad—which is located at the conjunction of Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger—but also in Libya and The S...
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Saharan Taouratine Series (rock unit, Africa)
...and in Arabia, Mesozoic continental formations covered large areas. During the Triassic the Saharan Zarzaitine Series, containing dinosaur and other reptilian fossil remains, was deposited. The Saharan Taouratine Series, containing fossils of vegetation and of great reptiles, was laid down during the Jurassic. In the upper Karoo System of subequatorial Africa, formed during the Early......
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Saharanpur (India)
town, northwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India, situated at the junction of several roads and rail lines. Sahāranpur was founded about 1340 and is named for Shah Haran Chishtī, a Muslim saint. The town’s industries include railway workshops, cotton and sugar processing, papermaking, and other manufactures. Sahāranpur also has an active trade in agricultural pro...
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Saharawi (people)
...impact of the phosphate discoveries resulted in an increase in national consciousness and anticolonial sentiment. A guerrilla insurgency by the Spanish Sahara’s indigenous inhabitants, the nomadic Saharawis, sprang up in the early 1970s, calling itself the Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro (Polisario Front). The insurgency led Spain to declare in 1...
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Saharīya (people)
...Chittaurgarh, Dūngarpur, Bānswāra, Udaipur, and Sirohi and are famous for their skill in archery. The Grasias and nomadic Kathodīs live in the Mewār region. Saharīyas are found in the Kota district, and the Rabarīs of the Mārwār region are cattle breeders....
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Saharsa (India)
town, northeastern Bihār state, northeastern India. The town is a major rail and road hub and has an electric power station. It was constituted a municipality in 1961. ...
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Sahbāʾ, Wadi al- (river, Arabia)
...from deposits left during the Pleistocene Epoch (1,800,000 to 10,000 years ago) by ancient river systems now represented by such wadis as Al-Rimah–Al-Bāṭin, Al-Sahbāʾ, and Dawāsir-Jawb, which carried vast loads of sediment from the interior toward the Persian Gulf. The Al-Dibdibah region once was the delta of Wadi......
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Sahdol (India)
town, northeastern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies along the Murna River, about 110 miles (177 km) northwest of Bilāspur. The town is an agricultural market and is a rail and road junction. It has a government college and a law school affiliated with Awadesh Pratap Singh University. Hindu ruins situated just southeast of the town date from the 12th century....
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Sahel (region, Africa)
semiarid region of western and north-central Africa extending from Senegal eastward to The Sudan. It forms a transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north and the belt of humid savannas to the south. The Sahel stretches from the Atlantic Ocean eastward through northern Senegal, southern Mauritania, the great bend of the Niger River in Mali, Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta), so...
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Sahel (plain, Tunisia)
coastal plain in the eastern Mediterranean littoral of Tunisia that includes a sandy coast with large bays and lagoons of the Mediterranean and is situated between the sea and the steppe country of central Tunisia. The region extends from the town of Al-Nafīdah on the central coast of the Gulf of Hammamet in the north to the town of Gabè...
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Sahel: Man in Distress (work by Salgado)
...He won the City of Paris/Kodak Award for his first photographic book, Other Americas (1986), which recorded the everyday lives of Latin American peasants. This was followed by Sahel: Man in Distress (1986), a book on the 1984–85 famine in the Sahel region of Africa, and An Uncertain Grace (1990), which included a remarkable group of photographs of.....
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Sahel savanna woodlands (region, Africa)
North of the Sudan zone are the more sparsely populated Sahel savanna woodlands, where the dry season is more than eight months and cultivation is restricted to valley floors. Low, umbrella-shaped deciduous thorn trees (such as the Acacia seyal) and shrubs (such as Commiphora africana), succulents, and short, tussocky grasses give a distinctive vegetation strongly modified by......
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis (paleontology)
...not only to members of the genus Australopithecus but also to other humanlike primates that lived in Africa between 6 and 1.2 mya. Other australopiths include Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7–6 mya), Orrorin tugenensis (6 mya), Ardipithecus kadabba and Ardipithecus ramidus (5.8–4.4 mya),......
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Saheth-Maheth (India)
...include grains, oilseeds, and sugarcane; oilseed crushing is important, and sugar and alcohol are produced. Northeast of Gonda is Balrāmpur, which houses a college of Gorakhpur University. Saheth-Maheth, northwest, was the site of the Śrāvastī, an ancient Buddhist monastic estate. Pop. (1981) 70,847....
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Sahgal, Nayantara (Indian journalist and author)
Indian journalist and novelist whose fiction presents the personal crises of India’s elite amid settings of political upheaval....
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Sahgal, Nayantara Pandit (Indian journalist and author)
Indian journalist and novelist whose fiction presents the personal crises of India’s elite amid settings of political upheaval....
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Sāhibdīn (Indian painter)
an outstanding Indian artist of the Mewār school of Rājasthanī painting (see Mewār painting). He is one of the few Rājasthanī artists whose name is known, and his work dominated the Mewār school during the first half of the 17th century. Though he was a Muslim, Sāhibdīn was fully at ease with Hindu themes and ...
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Sahid Minār (building, Calcutta, India)
...of Gothic-style architecture with statuary on top; the Indian Museum is in an Italian style; and the General Post Office, with its majestic dome, has Corinthian columns. The beautiful column of the Sahid Minār (Ochterlony Monument) is 165 feet high—its base is Egyptian, its column Syrian, and its cupola in the Turkish style. The Victoria Memorial represents an attempt to combine.....
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Sahidic (dialect)
...a text of the Gospel According to John and of the Acts of the Apostles, as well as a number of Gnostic documents. Akhmīmic was spoken in and around the Upper Egyptian city of Akhmīm. Sahidic (from Arabic, aṣ-Ṣaʿīd [Upper Egypt]) was originally the dialect spoken around Thebes; after the 5th century it was the standard Coptic of all of Upper Egypt. It is...
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Ṣaḥīḥ (work by Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj)
Muslim traveled widely; his great work, the Ṣaḥīḥ (“The Genuine”), is said to have been compiled from about 300,000 traditions, which he collected in Arabia, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. The Ṣaḥīḥ has been unanimously acclaimed as authoritative and is one of the six canonical collections of Ḥadīth.......
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Sāḥil (region, Africa)
semiarid region of western and north-central Africa extending from Senegal eastward to The Sudan. It forms a transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north and the belt of humid savannas to the south. The Sahel stretches from the Atlantic Ocean eastward through northern Senegal, southern Mauritania, the great bend of the Niger River in Mali, Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta), so...
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Sāḥil, Al- (plain, Tunisia)
coastal plain in the eastern Mediterranean littoral of Tunisia that includes a sandy coast with large bays and lagoons of the Mediterranean and is situated between the sea and the steppe country of central Tunisia. The region extends from the town of Al-Nafīdah on the central coast of the Gulf of Hammamet in the north to the town of Gabè...
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Sahiwal (Pakistan)
city, east-central Punjab province, east-central Pakistan. The city was founded in 1865 and named for Sir Robert Montgomery, then lieutenant governor of the Punjab. It is connected by rail and road with Lahore and is an important cotton centre, with ginning factories and carpet production. It was constituted a municipality in 1867. Institutions include a hospital and several col...
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Sahl ʿAkkār (region, Middle East)
...the narrow coastal strip is interrupted by spurs of the northwestern Al-Anṣariyyah Mountains immediately to the east. It then widens into the ʿAkkār Plain, which continues south across the Lebanon border....
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Sahl at-Tustarī (Muslim scholar and mystic)
school of Muslim theologians founded by the Muslim scholar and mystic Sahl at-Tustarī (d. ad 896). The school was named after one of his disciples, Muḥammad ibn Sālim (d. ad 909). Even though the Sālimīyah were not a Ṣūfī (mystic) group in the strict sense of the word, they utilized many Ṣūfī ...
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Sahlé Mariam (emperor of Ethiopia)
king of Shewa (or Shoa; 1865–89), and emperor of Ethiopia (1889–1913). One of Ethiopia’s greatest rulers, he expanded the empire almost to its present-day borders, repelled an Italian invasion in 1896, and carried out a wide-ranging program of modernization....
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Sahle Miriam (emperor of Ethiopia)
king of Shewa (or Shoa; 1865–89), and emperor of Ethiopia (1889–1913). One of Ethiopia’s greatest rulers, he expanded the empire almost to its present-day borders, repelled an Italian invasion in 1896, and carried out a wide-ranging program of modernization....
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Sahle Selassie (king of Ethiopia)
ruler (1813–47) of the kingdom of Shewa (Shoa), Ethiopia. He was the grandfather of Emperor Menilek II (reigned 1889–1913) and the great-grandfather of Emperor Haile Selassie I. His name means “Clemency of the Trinity.”...
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Sahlins, Marshall (American anthropologist)
...deserve attention. The first concerns their level of subsistence, long deemed to have been one of chronic scarcity and want. According to the still controversial findings of the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, this notion of scarcity is not true. His studies of several preliterate peoples found that they could easily increase their provisioning if they so desired. The condition usually......
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śahnāī (musical instrument)
double-reed conical oboe of North India. The shehnai is made of wood, except for a flaring metal bell attached to the bottom of the instrument, and measures about 12–20 inches (30–50 cm) in length, with six to eight keyless finger holes along its body. Possessing a two-octave range, the shehnai is a difficult instrument to play, as the musician must m...
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Saho (people)
people of the coastal plains of southern Eritrea. Traditional Saho culture involved considerable mobility, because people needed to move their herds of camels, sheep, goats, and, more recently, cattle from summer pasture to winter pasture each year. However, the Saho have become increasingly settled sinc...
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saho no mai (Japanese dance)
repertoire of dances of the Japanese Imperial court, derived from traditional dance forms imported from China, Korea, India, and Southeast Asia. The dances comprise two basic forms: sahō no mai (“dances of the left”), accompanied by tōgaku (music derived mainly from Chinese forms); and uhō samai no mai (“dances of the right”),....
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Saho-Afar languages
related but distinct languages spoken by several peoples, most of whom inhabit the coastal plains of southern Eritrea and Djibouti. Saho and Afar are generally classified as Eastern Cushitic languages of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. The Saho peoples are bordered to the north by the Tigre, to the west by the Tigray, an...
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Sahpo Muxika (Blackfoot chief)
head chief of the Blackfoot tribe of Indians and a strong advocate of peace and subservience to whites....
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Şahr (Turkey)
ancient city of Cappadocia, on the upper course of the Seyhan (Sarus) River, in southern Turkey. Often called Chryse to distinguish it from Comana in Pontus, it was the place where the cult of Ma-Enyo, a variant of the great west Asian mother goddess, was celebrated with orgiastic rites. The service was carried on in an opulent temple by thousands of temple servants. The city, a mere appanage of t...
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Sahra (work by Hâmid)
...freedom of thought, democracy, and constitutionalism. Abdülhak Hâmid (died 1935), though considerably their junior, shared in their activities. In 1879 he published his epoch-making Sahra (“The Country”), a collection of ten Turkish poems that were the first to be composed in Western verse forms and style. Later, he turned to weird and often morbid subject mat...
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Ṣaḥrāʾ al-Gharbīyah, As- (desert, Egypt)
The Nile divides the desert plateau through which it flows into two unequal sections—the Western Desert, between the river and the Libyan frontier, and the Eastern Desert, extending to the Suez Canal, the Gulf of Suez, and the Red Sea. Each of the two has a distinctive character, as does the third and smallest of the Egyptian deserts, the Sinai. The Western Desert (a branch of the Libyan......
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Ṣaḥrāʾ al-Gharbiyyah (region, Africa)
former overseas province of Spain occupying an extensive desert Atlantic-coastal area (97,344 square miles [252,120 square km]) of northwest Africa. It is composed of the geographic regions of Río de Oro (“River of Gold”), occupying the southern two-thirds of the region (between Cape Blanco and Cape Bojador), and Saguia el-Hamra...
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Ṣaḥrāʾ al-Lībīyah, As- (desert, North Africa)
northeastern portion of the Sahara, extending from eastern Libya through southwestern Egypt into the extreme northwest of The Sudan. The desert’s bare rocky plateaus and stony or sandy plains are harsh, arid, and inhospitable. The highest point is Mount Al-ʿUwaynāt (6,345 feet [1,934m]), located where the three countries meet; the Qattara Depression...
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Ṣaḥrāʾ an-Nūbiya, Aṣ- (desert, The Sudan)
desert in northeastern Sudan. It is separated from the Libyan Desert by the Nile River valley to the west, while to the north is Egypt; eastward, the Red Sea; and southward, the Nile again. Unlike the Libyan Desert, the Nubian Desert is rocky and rugged, though there are some dunes, and toward the Red Sea the desert, rising in gentle slopes to the west, culminates in precipitous uplands of the Red...
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Saḥrāʾ ash-Sharqīyah, Aṣ- (desert, Egypt)
large desert in eastern Egypt. Originating just southeast of the Nile River delta, it extends southeastward into northeastern Sudan and from the Nile River valley eastward to the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea. It covers an area of about 85,690 square miles (221,940 square km)....
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Sahrāwardī Mosque (mosque, Baghdad, Iraq)
...century) and the Mustanṣiriyyah madrasah (an Islamic law college built by the caliph al-Mustanṣir in 1233), both restored as museums, and the Sahrāwardī Mosque (1234). The Wasṭānī Gate, the only remnant of the medieval wall, has been converted into the Arms Museum....
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Sahrawi, Abu Yahya al- (Libyan Al-Qaeda strategist)
Al-Qaeda strategist Abu Yahya al-Libi emerged during 2008 as one of the top leaders in the new generation of the Islamic militant organization; he was also one of those “most wanted” by the United States. Libi was considered one of al-Qaeda’s main theologians, because the top two al-Qaeda leaders—Osama bin Laden (an engineer) and Ayman al-Zawahiri (a physician)—h...
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Sahsaram (India)
city, administrative headquarters of Rohtas district, Bihār state, northeastern India. Located at a major road and rail junction, it is an agricultural trade centre; carpet and pottery manufacture are important. The red sandstone mausoleum of Emperor Shēr Shāh of Sūr (1540–45), an excellent example of Pathān architecture, stands in the m...
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Śāhū (Marāṭhā ruler)
...that Maratha power was on the decline. But a recovery was effected in the early 18th century, in somewhat changed circumstances. A particularly important phase in this respect is the reign of Shahu, who succeeded Rajaram in 1708 with some acrimony from his widow, Tara Bai....
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sahuaro (plant)
(Carnegiea gigantea), cactus species of the family Cactaceae, native to Mexico and to Arizona and California in the United States....
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Sahuayo (Mexico)
city, northwestern Michoacán estado (state), west-central Mexico. It lies on the central plateau, at 5,085 feet (1,550 m) above sea level, south of Lake Chapala. Although the climate is temperate, rainfall is only moderate. Irrigation has opened up land for the cultivation of corn (maize), beans, wheat, chick-peas, and tomatoes. The livestock industry is also signific...
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Sahuayo de José María Morelos (Mexico)
city, northwestern Michoacán estado (state), west-central Mexico. It lies on the central plateau, at 5,085 feet (1,550 m) above sea level, south of Lake Chapala. Although the climate is temperate, rainfall is only moderate. Irrigation has opened up land for the cultivation of corn (maize), beans, wheat, chick-peas, and tomatoes. The livestock industry is also signific...
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Sahul Shelf (continental shelf, Pacific Ocean)
stable structural shelf or platform of the ocean floor, extending from the northern coast of Australia to the island of New Guinea. A continental shelf, it was once above sea level, and its surface still bears erosional features formed when streams crossed it to the oceans. The shelf was slowly warped downward by crustal forces; overall it has subsided, as indicated by drowned atolls along its mar...
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Sahure (king of Egypt)
The first two kings of the 5th dynasty, Userkaf and Sahure, were sons of Khentkaues, who was a member of the 4th-dynasty royal family. The third king, Neferirkare, may also have been her son. A story from the Middle Kingdom that makes them all sons of a priest of Re may derive from a tradition that they were true worshipers of the sun god and implies, probably falsely, that the 4th-dynasty......
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ṣahw (Ṣūfism)
...his association with God dims his sight of other things. The overpowering sense of the beloved in this state destroys the mystic’s ability to distinguish between physical pain and pleasure. Ṣahw (“sobriety”) immediately follows sukr, but the memories of the previous experience remain vivid and become a source of immense spiritual joy. (5) The......
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Sahyādri (mountains, India)
peak in eastern Kerala state, southwestern India. Located in the Western Ghāts range, it rises to 8,842 feet (2,695 m) and is peninsular India’s highest peak. From this point radiate three ranges—the Anaimalai to the north, the Palni to the northeast, and the Cardamom Hills to the south. Several rivers, including the Periyār and Amarāvati, rise in the surrounding...
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Sahyādri Hills (mountains, India)
peak in eastern Kerala state, southwestern India. Located in the Western Ghāts range, it rises to 8,842 feet (2,695 m) and is peninsular India’s highest peak. From this point radiate three ranges—the Anaimalai to the north, the Palni to the northeast, and the Cardamom Hills to the south. Several rivers, including the Periyār and Amarāvati, rise in the surrounding...
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Sai (ancient city, Egypt)
ancient Egyptian city (Sai) in the Nile River delta on the Canopic (Rosetta) Branch of the Nile River, in Al-Gharbīyah muḥāfaẓah (governorate). From prehistoric times Sais was the location of the chief shrine of Neith, the goddess of war and of the loom. The city became politically important late in its history. In the late 8th cen...
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Sai Gon, Song (river, Vietnam)
river in southern Vietnam that rises near Phum Daung, southeastern Cambodia, and flows south and south-southeast for about 140 miles (225 km). In its lower course it embraces Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) on the east and forms an estuary at the head of Ganh Rai Bay, an outlying part of the Mekong delta. The Saigon is joined 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Ho Chi Minh City by ...
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Sai Ong Hue (king of Lan Xang)
ruler (1700?–35) of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang which, during his reign, was divided into two rival kingdoms at Vientiane and Luang Prabang....
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Sai Setthathirat I (king of Lan Xang)
sovereign of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang who prevented it from falling under Burmese domination and whose reign was marked by notable achievements in domestic and foreign affairs....
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Saian Mountains (mountains, Asia)
large upland region lying along the frontiers of east-central Russia and Mongolia. Within Russia the mountains occupy the southern parts of the Krasnoyarsk kray (region) and Irkutsk oblast (province), the northern part of Tuva, and the west of Buryatiya....
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Ṣāʾib (Persian poet)
Persian poet, one of the greatest masters of a form of classical Arabic and Persian lyric poetry characterized by rhymed couplets and known as the ghazel....
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Ṣāʾib Khāthir (Persian musician)
...musician Jamīla, around whom clustered musicians, poets, and dignitaries; the male musician Ṭuways, who, attracted by the melodies sung by Persian slaves, imitated their style; and Ṣāʾib Khāthir, the son of a Persian slave. Songs were generally accompanied by the lute (ʿūd), the frame drum (duff), or the percussion stick......
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Ṣāʾib of Eṣfahān (Persian poet)
Persian poet, one of the greatest masters of a form of classical Arabic and Persian lyric poetry characterized by rhymed couplets and known as the ghazel....
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Ṣāʾib of Tabriz (Persian poet)
Persian poet, one of the greatest masters of a form of classical Arabic and Persian lyric poetry characterized by rhymed couplets and known as the ghazel....
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Saichō (Japanese monk)
monk who established the Tendai sect of Buddhism in Japan....
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Saʿīd (Najāḥid ruler)
Two of Najāḥ’s sons, Saʿīd and Jayyāsh, who had fled the capital, plotted to restore themselves to the Najāḥid throne and in 1081 killed ʿAlī. Saʿīd, supported by the large Ethiopian Mamlūk population, easily secured control of Zabīd. ʿAlī’s son al-Mukarram, however, heavily influ...
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Saʿīd, ʿAlī Aḥmad (Lebanese poet and literary critic)
Lebanese poet and literary critic who was a leader of the modernist movement in Arabic poetry in the second half of the 20th century....
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Saʿīd, Amīnah al- (Egyptian journalist and writer)
Egyptian journalist and writer who was one of Egypt’s leading feminists and was a founder (1954) and editor (1954–69) of Ḥawwaʾ (“Eve”), the first women’s magazine to be published in Egypt....
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