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  • unit cell (crystallography)
    ...in a crystal. If each atom or group of atoms is represented by a dot, or lattice point, and these points are connected, the resulting lattice may be divided into a number of identical blocks, or unit cells. The intersecting edges of one of these unit cells are chosen as the crystallographic axes, and their lengths are called lattice constants. The relative lengths of these edges and the......
  • unit charge (physics)
    British physicist who pioneered in the study of electrical conduction in gases and made the first direct measurement of the unit electrical charge (e)....
  • unit construction
    ...studied and then taught at the Bauhaus school of design, where modern principles were applied to the industrial as well as to the fine arts. There he followed the lead of Walter Gropius in espousing unit construction; i.e., the combination of standardized units to form a technologically simple but functionally complex whole. In 1925, inspired by the design of bicycle handlebars, he......
  • unit cost (finance)
    Accountants can make this division by any of three main inventory costing methods: (1) first-in, first-out (FIFO), (2) last-in, first-out (LIFO), or (3) average cost. The LIFO method is widely used in the United States, where it is also an acceptable costing method for income tax purposes; companies in most other countries measure inventory cost and the cost of goods sold by some variant of the......
  • unit electrical charge (physics)
    British physicist who pioneered in the study of electrical conduction in gases and made the first direct measurement of the unit electrical charge (e)....
  • unit heater
    ...systems of industrial buildings are usually simple, involving only winter heating and possibly humidity control if the manufacturing process is sensitive to it. A commonly used element is the unit heater, in which an electric fan blows air through a coil heated by hot water, steam, electric resistance, or gas combustion and provides a directed supply of warm air where needed. Another......
  • unit load
    ...vehicles with two lifting prongs in front that fit into slots in the pallet and then lift it. Loaded pallets are moved by forklift trucks into and out of warehouses, railcars, and trucks, Pallet loads are also called “unit loads” and are the most common way of handling packaged freight. Goods that are not packaged are often handled in bulk. Examples are iron ore, coal, and......
  • unit matrix (mathematics)
    A matrix O with all its elements 0 is called a zero matrix. A square matrix A with 1s on the main diagonal (upper left to lower right) and 0s everywhere else is called a unit matrix. It is denoted by I or In to show that its order is n. If B is any square matrix and I and O are the unit and zero matrices of the same......
  • unit membrane (biology)
    Surrounding viruses of either helical or icosahedral symmetry are lipoprotein envelopes, unit membranes of two lipid layers interspersed with protein molecules (lipoprotein bilayer). These viral membranes are composed of phospholipids and neutral lipids (largely cholesterol) derived from cell membranes during the process known as budding. Virtually all proteins of the cell membrane, however,......
  • Unit One (British modern art group)
    ...student at the Royal College of Art. The young couple moved into a large studio in Hampstead, one of the northern suburbs of London. Moore was a member of a group of young artists who in 1933 formed Unit One in a deliberate attempt to make the indifferent English public aware of the international modern movement in art and architecture. The driving spirit behind Unit One was the painter Paul......
  • unit operation (mining)
    The largest open-pit operations can move almost one million tons of material (both ore and waste) per day. In smaller operations the rate may be only a couple of thousand tons per day. In most of these mines there are four unit operations: drilling, blasting, loading, and hauling....
  • unit operation (chemical engineering)
    ...of a processing plant encompassing a number of operations, such as mixing, evaporation, and filtration, and of these operations being essentially similar, whatever the product, led to the concept of unit operations. This was first enunciated by the American chemical engineer Arthur D. Little in 1915 and formed the basis for a classification of chemical engineering that dominated the subject for...
  • Unit Orchestra (musical instrument)
    ...Hope-Jones Organ Company of Elmira, N.Y., moving its operations to North Tonawanda. It was there that the pipe organ known as the “Unit Orchestra” and later famous as the “Mighty Wurlitzer” was developed....
  • unit process (chemical process)
    In the same way that a complex plant can be divided into basic unit operations, so chemical reactions involved in the process industries can be classified into certain groups, or unit processes (e.g., polymerizations, esterifications, and nitrations), having common characteristics. This classification into unit processes brought rationalization to the study of process engineering....
  • unit terminal (airports)
    The term unit terminal is used wherever an airport passenger terminal system comprises more than one terminal. Unit terminals may be made up of a number of terminals of similar design (e.g., Dallas–Fort Worth and Kansas City in the United States), terminals of different design (e.g., London’s Heathrow, Pearson International Airport near Toronto, John F. Kennedy Internati...
  • unit train (freight transportation)
    freight train composed of cars carrying a single type of commodity that are all bound for the same destination. By hauling only one kind of freight for one destination, a unit train does not need to switch cars at various intermediate junctions and so can make nonstop runs between two terminals. This reduces not only the shipping time but also the cost. The unit train was introduced by American r...
  • unit trust (finance)
    company that invests the funds of its subscribers in diversified securities and in return issues units representing shares in those holdings. It differs from the investment trust, which issues shares in its own capital. In contrast to closed-end investment companies, which have a fixed capitalization and whose shares are bought and sold by the investor in the market, mutual fund...
  • UNITA (political organization, Angola)
    Angolan political party that was originally founded to free the nation from Portuguese colonial rule....
  • Unità Sanitarie Locali (Italian government)
    A comprehensive national health service and national medical insurance were created in 1978 and based on Local Medical Units (Unità Sanitarie Locali, USL; later renamed Aziende Sanitarie Locali, ASL). In 1992–99 a radical reorganization of the national health system was carried out. Key features of the new system were the rationalization of public expenditures and the improvement......
  • UNITA-R (political movement, Angola)
    In September 1998 Savimbi faced opposition from within UNITA when a group calling itself UNITA-Renavado (UNITA-Renewal; UNITA-R) suspended him and became the self-declared leadership of the party. Yet another division occurred soon after, and from that point UNITA was split into three factions, with the government and the Southern African Development Community recognizing UNITA-R as the......
  • UNITAR (international organization)
    United Nations organization established in 1965 to provide high-priority training and research projects to help facilitate the UN objectives of world peace and security and of economic and social progress. A Board of Trustees of up to 30 members is appointed by the UN secretary-general; the secretary-general himself and the presidents of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council (EC...
  • Unitarian
    ...embraced the thought of the Italian-born theologian Faustus Socinus. The Socinians referred to themselves as “brethren” and were known by the latter half of the 17th century as “Unitarians” or “Polish Brethren.” They accepted Jesus as God’s revelation but still a mere man, divine by office rather than by nature; Socinians thus rejected the doctri...
  • Unitarian Church (church, Quincy, Massachusetts, United States)
    Among Parris’ works outside Boston is the Unitarian Church at Quincy, called the Stone Temple (1828), a severe and impressive building that shelters the burial vaults of presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams....
  • Unitarian Universalist Association (American religious organization)
    religious organization in the United States formed in May 1961 by merger of the Universalist Church of America and the American Unitarian Association. The American Unitarian Association was founded in 1825 as the result of a gradual development of Unitarianism (the denial of the Trinity) within New England Congregationalism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Univers...
  • Unitarianism (religion)
    liberal religious movements that have merged in the United States. In previous centuries they appealed for their views to Scripture interpreted by reason, but most contemporary Unitarians and Universalists base their religious beliefs on reason and experience....
  • unitario (Argentine history)
    in early 19th-century Argentina, an advocate of strong central government....
  • unitary field theory (physics)
    in particle physics, an attempt to describe all fundamental forces and the relationships between elementary particles in terms of a single theoretical framework. In physics, forces can be described by fields that mediate interactions between separate objects. In the mid-19th century James Clerk Maxwell formulated the first field theory in his theory of electromagnetism. Then, in the early part of...
  • Unitary General Confederation of Labour (French labour union)
    In 1921 the CGT expelled its more radical unions, which were led by anarchists and communists as well as syndicalists. The expelled unions responded by forming the Unitary General Confederation of Labour (Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire; CGTU), whose politics came to be dominated by Moscow. The CGTU rejoined the CGT in 1936 when communist parties and......
  • Unitary Socialist Party (political party, Italy)
    ...in the 1968 parliamentary election, the question of a government including communists arose. The former Social Democrats who opposed communist participation left the PSI in July 1969 and formed the Unitary Socialist Party (PSU), whose disagreement with the PSI constituted a major stumbling block to forming governments in the late 1960s. The PSU took the name of Social Democrat again in the......
  • unitary system (government)
    A great majority of all the world’s nation-states are unitary systems, including Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Great Britain, The Netherlands, Japan, Poland, Romania, the Scandinavian countries, Spain, and many of the Latin-American and African countries. There are great differences among these unitary states, however, specifically in the institutions and procedures through which their central...
  • Unitas Confession (religion)
    ...guaranteed religious freedom to the Protestants of Bohemia. Eventually Emperor Rudolf II granted official recognition to Bohemia’s Protestants with his Letter of Majesty (1609). Previously, the Unitas Confession (1535), introduced by Martin Luther and published by him at Wittenberg as a sign of agreement between Lutherans and Utraquists, had been presented to Emperor Ferdinand I for lega...
  • Unitas Fratrum (religious group)
    (Latin: “Unity of Brethren”), Protestant religious group inspired by Hussite spiritual ideals in Bohemia in the mid-15th century. They followed a simple, humble life of nonviolence, using the Bible as their sole rule of faith. They denied transubstantiation but received the Eucharist and deemed religious hymns of great importance. In 1501 they printed the first Pr...
  • Unitas, John Constantine (American athlete)
    American professional gridiron football quarterback who in 1969 was named the greatest all-time National Football League (NFL) quarterback....
  • Unitas, Johnny (American athlete)
    American professional gridiron football quarterback who in 1969 was named the greatest all-time National Football League (NFL) quarterback....
  • unite (English coin)
    ...the moneyers on their immemorial right to use manual methods delayed its establishment until after the Restoration. James I introduced a number of new gold coins, the most important being the “unite,” or sovereign (20 shillings), so called from its legend (Faciam eos in gentem unam [“I will make them into one race”]) alluding to the union of the crowns of Scot...
  • UNITE (trade union, North America)
    North American trade union formed in 1995 by the merger of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union. The union represents apparel workers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. Headquarters are in New York City....
  • Unité Africaine, Organisation de l’ (international labour organization)
    labour organization founded in 1973 at Addis Ababa, Eth., on the initiative of the Organization of African Unity and replacing the former All-African Trade Union Federation (AATUF; founded in 1961) and the African Trade Union Confederation (ATUC; founded in 1962). The ATUC from its founding had encouraged member affiliation with other international union organizations, while the more militant AATU...
  • unité d’habitation (architecture)
    The Marseille project (unité d’habitation) is a vertical community of 18 floors. The 1,800 inhabitants are housed in 23 types of duplex (i.e., split-level) apartments. Common services include two “streets” inside the building, with shops, a school, a hotel, and, on the roof, a nursery, a kindergarten, a gymnasium, and an open-air theatre. The apartments ar...
  • Unité d’Habitation (urban complex, Marseille, France)
    ...districts developed in the 19th century to the south around the rue Paradis and the avenue du Prado. The period following World War II saw various schemes to develop the city, including the Unité d’Habitation, an 18-story residential block that expressed the architect Le Corbusier’s ideal of urban family lodging. The block was intended, when completed in 1952, to be one of ...
  • Unité pour le Progrès National (political party, Burundi)
    ...World War II, Burundians began to press for independence. Although the traditional leaders of Burundi and Rwanda were denied legal status for a political party they formed in 1955, three years later Unity for National Progress (Unité pour le Progrès National; UPRONA) was established in Burundi. In 1959 the mwami was made a constitutional monarch in Burundi....
  • United African National Council (political party, Zimbabwe)
    Unsuccessful negotiations with Britain continued. A 1971 proposal to lessen restrictions on the opposition led to the creation of a third nationalist movement, the United African National Council (UANC), led by the Methodist bishop Abel Muzorewa. Unlike ZAPU and ZANU—both banned and operating only from exile in Zambia and Mozambique, respectively—UANC was able to organize inside......
  • United Aircraft and Transportation Company (American corporation)
    American multi-industry company with significant business concentrations in aerospace products and services, including jet engines and helicopters. Formed in 1934 as United Aircraft Corporation, it adopted its present name in 1975. Headquarters are in Hartford, Connecticut....
  • United Aircraft Corporation (American corporation)
    American multi-industry company with significant business concentrations in aerospace products and services, including jet engines and helicopters. Formed in 1934 as United Aircraft Corporation, it adopted its present name in 1975. Headquarters are in Hartford, Connecticut....
  • United Airlines (American corporation)
    American international airline serving North America, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Europe. Headquarters for the air carrier’s parent company, UAL Corp., are at Elk Grove Village, a suburb of Chicago, Ill....
  • United All-England XI (cricket)
    ...began touring the country, and from 1852, when some of the leading professionals (including John Wisden, who later compiled the first of the famous Wisden almanacs on cricketing) seceded to form the United All-England XI, these two teams monopolized the best cricket talent until the rise of county cricket. They supplied the players for the first English touring team overseas in 1859....
  • United American Company (Russian company)
    Russian trading monopoly that established colonies in North America (primarily in California and Alaska) during the 19th century. The Northeastern Company, headed by the merchants Grigory I. Shelikov and Ivan I. Golikov, was organized in 1781 to establish colonies on the North American coast and carry on the fur trade. After Shelikov’s death (1795), the group merged with three others to for...
  • United Arab Emirates
    federation of seven emirates along the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula....
  • United Arab Emirates, Central Bank of the (bank, United Arab Emirates)
    The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates was established in 1980, with Dubayy and Abū Ẓaby each depositing half of their revenues in the institution. The bank also issues the UAE dirham, the emirates’ national currency. There are commercial, investment, development, foreign, and domestic banks as well as a bankers’ association. In 1991 the worldwide operations of Ab...
  • United Arab Emirates, flag of the
    ...
  • United Arab Emirates, history of
    This discussion focuses on the United Arab Emirates since the 19th century. For a treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see Arabia, history of....
  • United Arab Emirates University (university, United Arab Emirates)
    ...education is not compulsory. There are a number of fine institutions of higher education in the emirates, and both boys and girls attend public school. Female students far outnumber males at the United Arab Emirates University, which opened at Al-ʿAyn in 1977, and Zayed University (1998) provides women with technical education. At the beginning of the 21st century, more than......
  • United Arab Republic (historical republic, Egypt-Syria)
    political union of Egypt and Syria proclaimed on Feb. 1, 1958, and ratified in nationwide plebiscites. It ended on Sept. 28, 1961, when Syria, following a military coup, declared itself independent of Egypt. Despite the dissolution of the union, Egypt retained the name United Arab Republic until Sept. 2, 1971, when it took the name Arab Republic of Egypt....
  • United Artists Corporation (American company)
    major investor in and distributor of independently produced motion pictures in the United States. The corporation was formed in 1919 by Charlie Chaplin, the comedy star; Mary Pickford and her husband, Douglas Fairbanks, the popular film stars; and D.W. Griffith, the director who was a pioneer in the development of camera ...
  • United Australia Party (political party, Australia)
    (UAP; 1931–44), political party formed by a fusion of Nationalist Party and conservative erstwhile Australian Labor Party members, which alone or in coalition with the Country Party controlled the Australian commonwealth government for 10 years. Brought to power in the general election of 1931, the UAP sought to meet the Great Depression with deflationary policies. The UAP’s conserva...
  • United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (North American industrial union)
    North American industrial union of automotive and other vehicular workers, headquartered in Detroit, Mich., and representing workers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico....
  • United Automobile Workers (North American industrial union)
    North American industrial union of automotive and other vehicular workers, headquartered in Detroit, Mich., and representing workers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico....
  • United Automobile Workers of America (North American industrial union)
    North American industrial union of automotive and other vehicular workers, headquartered in Detroit, Mich., and representing workers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico....
  • United Bahamian Party (political party, The Bahamas)
    ...politics had emerged in 1953, when the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) was formed by Bahamians of African descent to oppose the group in power, who in 1958 responded with a party of their own, the United Bahamian Party (UBP), controlled by British-descended politicians. As the political battle progressed, the PLP raised the cry for majority rule. The climax came after the general elections of.....
  • United Bank of Switzerland AG (bank, Switzerland)
    major bank formed in 1998 by the merger of two of Switzerland’s largest banks, the Swiss Bank Corporation and the Union Bank of Switzerland....
  • United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces
    ...Provinces. In 1905–06 this group and Free Baptists in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia merged to form the United Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces. In the 1960s it was renamed the United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces....
  • United Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces
    ...Provinces. In 1905–06 this group and Free Baptists in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia merged to form the United Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces. In the 1960s it was renamed the United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces....
  • United Belgian States (historical area, Belgium)
    ...the insurgents won a victory at Turnhout and gained control of the Austrian Netherlands. Vonck and van der Noot returned to Brussels in December 1789 to form a new but short-lived government, the United Belgian States. Van der Noot then exploited clerical opposition to Vonck’s democratic views to force him into exile in March 1790. After the Austrians regained power in the southern......
  • United Bible Societies (religious organization)
    Bible societies, including the United Bible Societies (1946), have coordinated and aided the translation work of missionaries in this task for almost 200 years. Wycliffe Bible Translators (1936) concentrated its work among the language groups having the smallest numbers of speakers. From 1968, Roman Catholics and the United Bible Societies have coordinated their efforts and cooperated in......
  • United Bowmen of Philadelphia (American sports organization)
    The first American archery organization was the United Bowmen of Philadelphia, founded in 1828. In the early days the sport was, as in England, a popular upper- and middle-class recreation. In the 1870s many archery clubs sprang up, and in 1879 eight of them formed the National Archery Association of the United States. In 1939 the National Field Archery Association of the United States was......
  • United Brands Company (American corporation)
    American corporation formed in 1970 as the United Brands Company in the merger of United Fruit Company and AMK Corporation (the holding company for John Morrell and Co., meat packers). The company, which adopted its present name in 1990, markets and distributes bananas and other produce, processes and distributes meats, manufactures and distributes other foods, fats, oils, and beverages, and admin...
  • United Christian Missionary Society (religious organization)
    Meanwhile, a number of the agencies had combined in 1920 to form the United Christian Missionary Society. Ten years later most state and national agencies entered Unified Promotion, a cooperative program of fund raising, with voluntarily accepted restraints on independent campaigns, and with distribution on the basis of agreed allocations. Thus they gradually evolved, in effect, one general......
  • United Church of Canada
    church established June 10, 1925, in Toronto, Ont., by the union of the Congregational, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches of Canada. The three churches were each the result of mergers that had taken place within each denomination in Canada in the 19th and early 20th century. In 1968 the Canada Conference of the Evangelical United Brethren Church merged with the United Church...
  • United Church of Christ (Protestant church)
    Protestant denomination in the United States, formed by the union of the Evangelical and Reformed Church and the General Council of Congregational Christian Churches. Each was the result of former unions. Negotiations toward union of the two bodies were begun in 1942, and during the next 15 years there were seven revisions of the Basis of Un...
  • United Colonies of New England (historical area, United States)
    in British American colonial history, a federation of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth established in May 1643 by delegates from those four Puritan colonies. Several factors influenced the formation of this alliance, including the solution of trade, boundary, and religious disputes, but the principal impetus was a concern over defense against attacks by the French, the Dutch, or...
  • United Company of Barber Surgeons (British medical organization)
    ...surgery was not taught in most universities, and ignorant barbers instead wielded the knife, either on their own responsibility or upon being called into cases by physicians. The organization of the United Company of Barber Surgeons of London in 1540 marked the beginning of some control of the qualifications of those who performed operations. This guild was the precursor of the Royal College of...
  • United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies (English trading company)
    English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India, incorporated by royal charter on Dec. 31, 1600. Starting as a monopolistic trading body, the company became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the early 18th century to the mid-19th century. In addition, the activities of the company in China in the 19th century...
  • United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
    church organized in 1896 in Minneapolis, Minn., as the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America by merger of the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (the North Church) and the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church Association in America (the Blair Church). “Danish” was dropped from the church’s name in 1946. Both of the merging groups had earlier sepa...
  • United Daughters of the Confederacy (American organization)
    American women’s patriotic society, founded in Nashville, Tenn., on Sept. 10, 1894, that draws its members from descendants of those who served in the Confederacy’s armed forces or government or who gave to either their loyal and substantial private support. Its chief purpose is broadly commemorative and historical: to preserve and mark sites; to gather historical records and other m...
  • United Democratic Front (political party, Malaŵi)
    ...Banda of his “president for life” status. The first multiparty presidential election was held in 1994, and Banda lost to Bakili Muluzi, the leader of the main opposition party, the United Democratic Front (UDF)....
  • United Democratic Front (antiapartheid organization)
    ...to apartheid by meeting Indian and Coloured grievances while at the same time giving blacks no political rights except in the homelands. In response, more than 500 community groups formed the United Democratic Front, which became closely identified with the exiled ANC. Strikes, boycotts, and attacks on black police and urban councillors began escalating, and a state of emergency was......
  • United Democratic Party (political party, Belize)
    In domestic politics the United Democratic Party (UDP), formed in 1973 and led by Manuel Esquivel, won the general election in 1984, but in 1989 the PUP won the election and Price again became prime minister (as the office was now called). The UDP won in a close election in 1993, and Esquivel again assumed leadership. In 1998, however, the PUP won by a landslide and its new leader, Said Musa,......
  • United Development Party (political party, Indonesia)
    a moderate Islamist political party in Indonesia....
  • United East India Company (Dutch trading company)
    trading company founded by the Dutch in 1602 to protect their trade in the Indian Ocean and to assist in their war of independence from Spain. The company prospered through most of the 17th century as the instrument of the powerful Dutch commercial empire in the East Indies. It was dissolved in 1799....
  • United Empire Loyalists (Canadian history)
    ...independence, and many had resisted it in arms. At the conclusion of hostilities, these loyalists had to make their peace with the new republic, though many went into exile. The refugees, known as United Empire Loyalists, were the object of considerable concern to the British government, which sought to compensate them for their losses and to assist them in establishing new homes. Some went to....
  • United Evangelical Lutheran Church
    church organized in 1896 in Minneapolis, Minn., as the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America by merger of the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (the North Church) and the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church Association in America (the Blair Church). “Danish” was dropped from the church’s name in 1946. Both of the merging groups had earlier sepa...
  • United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany
    union of 10 Lutheran territorial churches in Germany, organized in 1948 at Eisenach, E.Ger. The territorial churches were those of Bavaria, Brunswick, Hamburg, Hanover, Mecklenburg, Saxony, Schaumburg-Lippe, Schleswig-Holstein, and Thüringia. The territorial churches of Württemberg and Oldenburg did not join. The Lutheran territorial church of Lübeck joined the united church i...
  • United Farm Workers of America (American labour union)
    U.S. labour union founded in 1962 as the National Farm Workers Association by Cesar Chavez, a migrant farm labourer. The union merged with the American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) in 1966 and was re-formed under its current name in 1971 to achieve collective-bargaining rights for farmworkers in t...
  • United Farmers of Ontario (political party, Canada)
    ...for change disappeared, and organized labour and farmers mounted a revolt that swept across Canada. In 1919 Ontario’s Conservative government was ousted by a farmer-labour alliance led by the United Farmers of Ontario. United Farmers governments were elected shortly afterward in Alberta (1921) and Manitoba (1922). In federal politics in 1921 the agrarian-based Progressive Party became th...
  • United Farmers Party (political party, Canada)
    ...for change disappeared, and organized labour and farmers mounted a revolt that swept across Canada. In 1919 Ontario’s Conservative government was ousted by a farmer-labour alliance led by the United Farmers of Ontario. United Farmers governments were elected shortly afterward in Alberta (1921) and Manitoba (1922). In federal politics in 1921 the agrarian-based Progressive Party became th...
  • United Features (news agency)
    ...European capitals. It began to supply news to Latin-American papers during World War I. Throughout its history United Press stressed human-interest and feature news, and it developed the subsidiary United Features syndicate to sell special features. It also established UP Movietone News to supply news film to television stations....
  • United Free Church of Scotland
    Presbyterian church formed in 1900 as the result of the union between the Free Church of Scotland and the United Presbyterian Church. A series of unanimous decisions brought the United Presbyterian Church into the union. In the Free Church, however, a small minority strongly opposed union. They claimed to be the authentic Free Church and engaged in legal acti...
  • United Front (political coalition, India)
    The United Front government—a coalition of 13 parties—came to power as a minority government with the support of the Congress Party. However, as the largest single party in opposition in Parliament after the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP; Indian People’s Party), the Congress Party was vital in both making and defeating the United Front. In November 1997 the Congress Party withdr...
  • United Front (Chinese history [1937-1945])
    in modern Chinese history, either of two coalitions between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [KMT])....
  • United Front (Chinese history [1924-1927])
    in modern Chinese history, either of two coalitions between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [KMT])....
  • United Front (political coalition, Zimbabwe)
    In 1992 Smith led the United Front, a coalition of his party (now known as the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe) and black parties opposed to Mugabe’s policies. His involvement in the coalition was short-lived, however, and by the end of the decade he had largely retired from active national politics. His autobiography, The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas......
  • United Fruit Company (American company)
    major division of United Brands Company....
  • United Future (political party, New Zealand)
    major division of United Brands Company.......
  • United Gold Coast Convention (political organization, Ghana)
    Danquah actively sought constitutional reforms in the early 1940s and became a member of the Legislative Council in 1946. In 1947 he helped found the moderate United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), a party mainly of the westernized elements of Gold Coast society that demanded eventual self-government. Nkrumah was asked to be secretary-general, but in 1949 he left the UGCC to found the more......
  • United Greens of Austria (political party, Austria)
    The environmentalist parties, including the Green Alternative (Die Grüne Alternative; GA; founded 1986) and the United Greens of Austria (Vereinte Grüne Österreichs; VGÖ; founded 1982), have come to be known collectively as the Greens. The Greens first won seats in the Austrian parliament in 1986....
  • United Hindu Party (political party, Suriname)
    ...Party (Progressieve Suriname Volkspartij; PSV) organized the working-class Creoles. The East Indians and Indonesians were eventually grouped within the United Hindu Party (VHP; later called the Progressive Reform Party) and the Indonesian Peasants’ Party (Kaum-Tani Persuatan Indonesia; KTPI), respectively. Universal suffrage was instituted in 1948....
  • United House of Prayer for All People (American religious organization)
    Pentecostal Holiness church founded by Bishop Charles Emmanuel (“Sweet Daddy”) Grace (1881/84?–1960). After leaving a job as a cook on a Southern railway, he began to preach, assuming the name “Grace” and proclaiming himself “Bishop.” He established a house of worship in 1926 in Charlotte, N.C., and later moved to Newark, N.J. He claimed to be an e...
  • United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. (American company)
    major American broadcasting company and operator of the CBS national radio and television networks. The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. Its name was changed a year later to Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., and in 1974 it adopted the name CBS Inc. In 1995 CBS Inc. was bought by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which changed its n...
  • United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property (international organization)
    ...for works that were produced in other member countries. The two organizations, which had established separate secretariats to enforce their respective treaties, merged in 1893 to become the United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI), which was based in Bern, Switzerland....
  • United Iraqi Alliance (political coalition, Iraq)
    ...would be appointed). Sunni Arabs voted overwhelmingly against the new constitution, fearing that it would make them a perpetual minority. In a general election on December 15, the Shīʿite United Iraqi Alliance (UIA) gained the most seats but not enough to call a government. After four months of political wrangling, Nūrī Kamāl al-Mālikī of the......
  • United Ireland Party (political party, Ireland)
    centrist political party that has provided the major political opposition to the Fianna Fáil party in Ireland....
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