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  • Über die Lehre des Spinoza, in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn (work by Jacobi)
    After Lessing told him he knew only the philosophy of Spinoza, Jacobi began to study Spinozism. Finding its rationalistic approach repulsive, he denounced it in Über die Lehre des Spinoza, in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn (1785; “On the Teachings of Spinoza, in Letters to Moses Mendelssohn”). With other Enlightenment thinkers, Mendelssohn attacked......
  • Über die Möglichkeit einer Form der Philosophie überhaupt (work by Schelling)
    ...and by the idealist system of Johann Fichte, as well as by the pantheism of Benedict de Spinoza, a 17th-century rationalist. When he was 19 years old Schelling wrote his first philosophical work, Über die Möglichkeit einer Form der Philosophie überhaupt (1795; “On the Possibility and Form of Philosophy in General”), which he sent to Fichte, who expresse...
  • Über die Pronunciation der Schöpse des alten Griechenlandes (work by Lichtenberg)
    ...well-known contemporaries, such as Johann Kaspar Lavater, whose science of physiognomy he ridiculed, and Johann Heinrich Voss, whose views on Greek pronunciation called forth a powerful satire, Über die Pronunciation der Schöpse des alten Griechenlandes (1782; “On the Pronunciation of the Muttonheads of Old Greece”). In 1769 and again in 1774 he resided for so...
  • “Über die Religion. Reden an die Gebildeten unter ihren Verächtern” (work by Schleiermacher)
    ...Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834). Belonging to a family of Reformed ministers and educated at Pietist institutions, Schleiermacher tapped into emergent Romanticism in his On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (1799). Refusing to identify religion with metaphysics or morals, Schleiermacher located its essence in intuition (......
  • Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier (work by Schlegel)
    ...but in 1802 he went to Paris with Dorothea Veit, the eldest daughter of Moses Mendelssohn and the divorced wife of Simon Veit. He married her in 1804. In Paris he studied Sanskrit, publishing Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier (1808), the first attempt at comparative Indo-Germanic linguistics and the starting point of the study of Indian languages and comparative philology.....
  • Über die Theorie der ganzen algebraischen Zahlen (work by Dedekind)
    Continuing his investigations into the properties and relationships of integers—that is, the idea of number—Dedekind published Über die Theorie der ganzen algebraischen Zahlen (1879; “On the Theory of Algebraic Whole Numbers”). There he proposed the “ideal” as a collection of numbers that may be separated out of a larger collection, composed ...
  • “Über dramatische Kunst und Literatur” (work by Schlegel)
    ...secretary to the crown prince Bernadotte. The series of important lectures Schlegel gave while in Vienna in 1808, published as Über dramatische Kunst und Literatur (1809–11; Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature), attack French Neoclassical theatre, praise Shakespeare, and exalt Romantic drama. These lectures were translated into many languages and helped spread......
  • Über einige Gemälde der Düsseldorfer Galerie (work by Heinse)
    ...“Hildegard of Hohenthal”), in which music plays the role that painting had done in Ardinghello, is considered a contribution to musical criticism. In a critical work, Über einige Gemälde der Düsseldorfer Galerie (1776–77; “On Several Paintings in the Düsseldorf Gallery”), he stresses the dependence of artistic producti...
  • Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere (work by Baer)
    One of the most important books in embryology is Baer’s Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere (vol. 1, 1828; vol. 2, 1837; “On the Development of Animals”), in which he surveyed all existing knowledge on vertebrate development and from which he derived his far-reaching conclusions. He identified the neural folds as precursors of the ...
  • Über Gedanken (work by Bühler)
    ...the University of Strasbourg, studied psychology at the University of Berlin and the University of Bonn, and then taught at several German universities before World War I. His seminal paper, “Über Gedanken” (1907; “On Thoughts”), was a major contribution to the Würzburg school of imageless thought; it demonstrated that the mind is capable of purely abst...
  • “Über Gewissheit” (work by Wittgenstein)
    In the 20th century, many philosophers rejected the notion that knowledge is a mental state. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951), for example, said in On Certainty, published posthumously in 1969, that “‘Knowledge’ and certainty belong to different categories. They are not two mental states like, say surmising and being sure.” Philosophers who deny that....
  • Über Ideenflucht (work by Binswanger)
    ...patient lives, by means of a sympathetic participation in his experience. Later, Ludwig Binswanger, a Swiss psychiatrist of the Daseinsanalyse school, in one of his celebrated works, Über Ideenflucht (1933; “On the Flight of Ideas”), inspired by Heidegger’s thought, viewed the origin of mental illness as a failure in the existential possibilities that.....
  • Über Pädagogik (work by Kant)
    ...on him. He dealt specifically with pedagogy only within a lecture he gave as holder of the chair of philosophy in Königsberg; the main features of the lecture were collected in a short work, Über Pädagogik (1803; “On Pedagogy”). In it he asserted, “A man can only become a man through education. He is nothing more than what education makes him....
  • Über Philosophie und Christentum (work by Feuerbach)
    ...immortality and proposed a type of immortality by which human qualities are reabsorbed into nature. His Abälard und Heloise (1834) and Pierre Bayle (1838) were followed by Über Philosophie und Christentum (1839; “On Philosophy and Christianity”), in which he claimed “that Christianity has in fact long vanished not only from the......
  • Über Zellbildung und Zelltheilung (work by Strasburger)
    ...in gymnosperms (such as conifers) and angiosperms (the flowering plants) along with a demonstration of double fertilization in the angiosperms. He set forth the basic principles of mitosis in his Über Zellbildung und Zelltheilung (1876; “On Cell Formation and Cell Division”), and in each succeeding edition he clarified and modified the description of the process unti...
  • Uberaba (Brazil)
    city, western Minas Gerais estado (state), southern Brazil. It is located in the highlands at 2,575 feet (785 metres) above sea level, on the Uberaba River. Uberaba was given city status in 1856. It is the trade centre of an important agricultural area, yielding cattle (the largest source of income), rice, oranges, corn (maize), beans, ...
  • Übergang von den metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft zur Physik (unfinished work by Kant)
    ...to be a major contribution to his critical philosophy. What remains, however, is not so much an unfinished work as a series of notes for a work that was never written. Its original title was Übergang von den metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft zur Physik (“Transition from the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science to Physics”), and it may ha...
  • Uberlândia (Brazil)
    city, western Minas Gerais estado (state), southern Brazil. It lies along the Bom Jardim River, which is a tributary of the Araguari River (also known as the Velhas River), at 2,802 feet (854 metres) above sea level. It was given city status in 1892. Uberlândia is a trade centre for a primarily agricultural and pastoral hinterlan...
  • Übermarionette (theatrical concept)
    ...to all actors; his admiration of Irving, his mother Ellen Terry, and Duse was profound, and he considered Isadora Duncan a supreme artist, but he did promote the concept that he called the Übermarionette (“Superpuppet”). Craig’s intention is not fully clear—whether he envisioned mechanical figures that would defy the physical restrictions of the human b...
  • Übermensch (philosophy)
    in philosophy, the superior man, who justifies the existence of the human race. “Superman” is a term significantly used by Friedrich Nietzsche, particularly in Also sprach Zarathustra (1883–85), although it had been employed by J.W. von Goethe and others. This superior man would not be a product of long evolution; rather, he would emerge when any man...
  • Uberti, Farinata degli (Italian noble)
    Florentine nobleman who became the leader of the Florentine Ghibellines, the proimperial party. According to Dante (Inferno, canto X), Uberti alone dissuaded the members of the Ghibelline coalition from razing the city of Florence, which they had just captured....
  • “Überwindung der Metaphysik durch die logische Analyse der Sprache” (essay by Carnap)
    ...Rudolf Carnap, a semanticist and leading Logical Positivist, in an equally famous essay, “Überwindung der Metaphysik durch die logische Analyse der Sprache” (1931; “The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language”), criticized this hypostatization (or making real) of Nothingness as one of the grosser fallacies of metaphysics. In......
  • Ubi primum (encyclical by Benedict XIV)
    ...on matters of doctrine, morals, or discipline. Although formal papal letters for the entire church were issued from the earliest days of the church, the first commonly called an encyclical was Ubi primum, dealing with episcopal duties, published by Benedict XIV in 1740. Only from the time of Pius IX (1846–78) have encyclicals been frequently used. Encyclicals are normally......
  • ubi sunt (poetry)
    a verse form in which the poem or its stanzas begin with the Latin words ubi sunt (“where are …”) or their equivalent in another language and which has as a principal theme the transitory nature of all things. A well-known example is François Villon’s “Ballade des dames du temps jadis” (“Ballade of the Ladies of Bygone Times”), ...
  • Ubi-Ogazu (African dance)
    The Igbo dance to a complex of sophisticated rhythms. In the Ubi-Ogazu dance, a version of the popular Atilogwu performed by a boys’ team, the adult leader dances while playing a small flute to lead the rhythm. He is supported by a single-membrane drum, a pot drum, two simple xylophones, and a bamboo gong. The dance has at least 10 variations, each with a distinct rhythm dictating its own.....
  • Ubico Castañeda, Jorge (president of Guatemala)
    soldier and dictator who ruled Guatemala for 13 years (1931–44)....
  • Ubico, Jorge (president of Guatemala)
    soldier and dictator who ruled Guatemala for 13 years (1931–44)....
  • ubiquinone (biochemistry)
    any of several members of a series of organic compounds belonging to a class called quinones. Widely distributed in plants, animals, and microorganisms, ubiquinones function in conjunction with enzymes in cellular respiration (i.e., oxidation-reduction processes). The naturally occurring ubiquinones differ from each other only slightly in chemical structure, depending on the source, the str...
  • ubiquitin (protein)
    ...that they discovered involves a series of carefully orchestrated steps by which cells degrade, or destroy, the proteins that no longer serve any useful purpose. In the first step a molecule called ubiquitin (from the Latin ubique, meaning “everywhere,” because it occurs in so many different cells and organisms) attaches to a protein targeted.....
  • ubiquitous computing (computer science)
    Some researchers call this trend ubiquitous computing or pervasive computing. Ubiquitous computing would extend the increasingly networked world and the powerful capabilities of distributed computing—i.e., the sharing of computations among microprocessors connected over a network. (The use of multiple microprocessors within one machine is discussed in the article supercomputer.) With more.....
  • Ubon Ratchathani (Thailand)
    town, eastern Thailand, on the Khorat Plateau. It lies near the confluence of the Mun and Chi Rivers and is a major trading centre for rice, cattle, and tobacco. A road leads east to Pakxe (Laos) on the Mekong River....
  • UBP (political party, The Bahamas)
    ...politics had emerged in 1953, when the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) was formed by Bahamians of African descent to oppose the group in power, who in 1958 responded with a party of their own, the United Bahamian Party (UBP), controlled by British-descended politicians. As the political battle progressed, the PLP raised the cry for majority rule. The climax came after the general elections of.....
  • UBS AG (bank, Switzerland)
    major bank formed in 1998 by the merger of two of Switzerland’s largest banks, the Swiss Bank Corporation and the Union Bank of Switzerland....
  • Ubu roi (play by Jarry)
    French writer mainly known as the creator of the grotesque and wild satirical farce Ubu roi (1896; “King Ubu”), which was a forerunner of the Theatre of the Absurd....
  • UBV system (astronomy)
    system of classifying stars by spectral type, based on photometric measurements of the ultraviolet (U), blue (B), and visual (V [yellow]) magnitudes. These magnitudes are measured through filters sensitive to light at wavelengths of 360, 420, and 540 nanometres, respectively. This system was introduced in the early 1950s by the American astronomers Harold Lester Johnson and William Wilson...
  • Ubykh language
    The Abkhazo-Adyghian group consists of the Abkhaz, Abaza, Adyghian, Kabardian, and Ubykh languages. Adyghians and Kabardians are often considered members of a larger, Circassian group. Abkhaz, with about 90,000 speakers, is spoken in Abkhazia (the southern slopes of the western Greater Caucasus, Georgia). The other languages are spread over the northern slopes of the western Greater Caucasus.......
  • uc bey (Ottoman prince)
    Ottoman dynasts were transformed from simple tribal leaders to border princes (uc beys) and ghazi leaders under Seljuq and then II-Khanid suzerainty in the 13th and early 14th centuries. With the capture of Bursa, Orhan had been able to declare himself independent of his suzerains and assume the title of bey, which was retained by his successors until Bayezid I was named sultan by the......
  • Uca (crustacean)
    any of the approximately 65 species of the genus Uca (order Decapoda of the subphylum Crustacea). They are named “fiddler” because the male holds one claw, always much larger than the other, somewhat like a violin. Both claws in the female are relatively small. In males, claws can be regenerated if they are lost....
  • Ucayali River (river, Peru)
    headwater of the Amazon, formed by the junction of the Apurímac and Urubamba rivers in east-central Peru. The Ucayali meanders northward from this junction for about 910 miles (1,465 km) through a densely forested floodplain east of the Andes to its junction with the Marañón River, 55 miles (90 km) south-southwest of Iquitos. This confluence is considered to mark the head of t...
  • UCC
    (1952), convention adopted at Geneva by an international conference convened under the auspices of UNESCO, which for several years had been consulting with copyright experts from various countries. The convention came into force in 1955....
  • Uccello, Paolo (Italian painter)
    Florentine painter whose work attempted uniquely to reconcile two distinct artistic styles—the essentially decorative late Gothic and the new heroic style of the early Renaissance. Probably his most famous paintings are three panels representing “The Battle of San Romano” (c. 1456). His careful and sophisticated perspective studies are clearly evident in “The Flo...
  • Ucchi-piḷḷaiyar Kovil (temple, India)
    ...minor deity to be propitiated at the beginning of all important undertakings and religious ceremonies. The sect erected temples dedicated to Gaṇeśa, the largest of which is the Ucchi-piḷḷaiyar Kovil, a rock-cut temple near Tiruchchirāppalli in Tamil Nadu state....
  • Ucciali, Treaty of (Italy-Ethiopia [1889])
    (May 2, 1889), pact signed at Wichale, Ethiopia, by the Italians and Menilek II of Ethiopia, whereby Italy was granted the northern Ethiopian territories of Bogos, Hamasen, and Akale-Guzai (modern Eritrea and northern Tigray) in exchange for a sum of money and the provision of 30,000 muskets and 28 cannons....
  • UCD (political party, Spain)
    ...in 1977, national politics have been dominated by a small number of parties. From 1977 until 1982 Spain was governed by the Union of the Democratic Centre (Unión de Centro Democrático; UCD), and the major opposition party was the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español; PSOE). The only other national parties of importance were the right-wi...
  • UCD (political party, Argentina)
    ...of neoliberal economic policies during the 1990s; the Front for a Country in Solidarity (Frente del País Solidario; Frepaso), a moderate leftist grouping of dissident Peronists; and the Union of the Democratic Centre (Unión del Centro Democrático; UCD, or UCéDé), a traditional liberal party. The PJ has controlled the government most of the time since......
  • UCéDé (political party, Argentina)
    ...of neoliberal economic policies during the 1990s; the Front for a Country in Solidarity (Frente del País Solidario; Frepaso), a moderate leftist grouping of dissident Peronists; and the Union of the Democratic Centre (Unión del Centro Democrático; UCD, or UCéDé), a traditional liberal party. The PJ has controlled the government most of the time since......
  • uchastok hospital (medical hospital)
    The Soviet Union took a somewhat different approach. In its thinly populated rural areas, general hospitals, called uchastok hospitals, served populations as small as 2,000 to 15,000 persons. These 15- to 100-bed general hospitals occupied the same premises and employed the same staff as general clinics (polyclinics) that provided general and specialized care. The hospital-clinic staff......
  • Uchida Shungicu (Japanese artist)
    In Japan, as elsewhere, success was part luck, part talent, and part hard work. For singer, dancer, author, and cartoonist Shungiku Uchida, it also included a calculated flouting of social proprieties to shock her devotees. In 1994 she won Japan’s version of the French literary prize Deux Magots for two best-sellers. The first, a titillating yet disturbing autobiographical novel, so...
  • Uchida Shungiku (Japanese artist)
    In Japan, as elsewhere, success was part luck, part talent, and part hard work. For singer, dancer, author, and cartoonist Shungiku Uchida, it also included a calculated flouting of social proprieties to shock her devotees. In 1994 she won Japan’s version of the French literary prize Deux Magots for two best-sellers. The first, a titillating yet disturbing autobiographical novel, so...
  • Uchimura Kanzō (Japanese religious philosopher and writer)
    Japanese Christian who was an important formative influence on many writers and intellectual leaders of modern Japan....
  • Uchqŭrghon hydroelectric station (power plant, Kyrgyzstan)
    ...River flows westward for 430 miles (700 km), receiving many tributaries and draining an area of 22,540 square miles (58,370 square km). High water occurs in May. The reservoirs of the Toktogul and Uchqŭrghon hydroelectric stations help regulate the Naryn’s flow and increase irrigation in the area....
  • Uchreditelnoye Sobraniye (Russian government)
    popularly elected body that convened in 1918 in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) to write a constitution and form a government for postrevolutionary Russia. The assembly was dissolved by the Bolshevik government....
  • Uchta (Russia)
    industrial city, Komi republic, northwestern Russia, on the Ukhta River. It was founded as the village of Chibyu in 1931 and became a city in 1943, when it was linked to the Pechora railway. Ukhta lies within the Pechora Basin, a significant oil and natural gas area. Some oil is refined locally, but most is conveyed via pipeline to refineries between St. Petersburg and Moscow. The city has institu...
  • UCI (international sports organization)
    The sport is governed overall by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), which is based in Switzerland, and by each country’s cycling federation. Amateur races are held for both men and women in local, regional, and national competition by age group, ranging upward in age from competitors 12 to 13 years old. In the World Championships, amateurs are no longer differentiated from professiona...
  • Ucicky, Gustav (Austrian director)
    Austrian film director known for historical and nationalistic German films done during Adolf Hitler’s rise to power....
  • Učka, Mount (mountain, Europe)
    ...a limestone plateau, much of which lacks water owing to its karst topography. The northeast section consists of the mountains of the Dinaric Alps, with a maximum elevation of 4,596 feet (1,401 m) at Mount Učka. These modest heights slope gradually south and west in undulating terraces toward the Adriatic. Parts of the peninsula have thick forests, and places suffering from the ravages of...
  • Ucko, Peter John (British archaeologist)
    British archaeologist who brought about a revolution in the way that archaeological study was approached and founded the World Archaeological Congress (WAC). In the 1980s Ucko, then British secretary of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences (IUPPS), was asked to plan the organization’s 11th congress, scheduled to take place in 1986 in Southampton, Eng. He broke w...
  • UCR (political party, Argentina)
    major centre-left political party in Argentina. For much of the 20th century, the Radical Civic Union (UCR) was the primary opposition party to the Peronists, who are represented by the Justicialist Party. The UCR draws significant support from Argentina’s urban middle class....
  • UCR del Pueblo (political party, Argentina)
    ...president in 1958, forming the Intransigent UCR (UCR Intransigente) and collaborating with the Peronists. In response, opponents of an alliance with the Peronists established the UCR del Pueblo (People’s UCR), which won the 1963 elections following Frondizi’s removal from office in a coup the previous year. However, the party’s tenure in power was cut short when another cou...
  • UCR Intransigente (political party, Argentina)
    In the 1950s the UCR suffered an internal split, with some members, including Arturo Frondizi, who became president in 1958, forming the Intransigent UCR (UCR Intransigente) and collaborating with the Peronists. In response, opponents of an alliance with the Peronists established the UCR del Pueblo (People’s UCR), which won the 1963 elections following Frondizi’s removal from office ...
  • ʿūd (musical instrument)
    stringed musical instrument prominent in medieval and modern Islāmic music. It was the parent of the European lute. The ʿūd has a deep, pear-shaped body; a fretless fingerboard; and a relatively shorter neck and somewhat less acutely bent-back pegbox than the European lute. The tuning pegs are set in the sides of the pegbox. The gut strings, plucked with a plectrum, are...
  • Uda (emperor of Japan)
    59th emperor of Japan, from 887 to 897....
  • UDA (Irish paramilitary group)
    loyalist organization founded in Northern Ireland in 1971 to coordinate the efforts of local Protestant vigilante groups in the sectarian conflict in the province....
  • Uda Tennō (emperor of Japan)
    59th emperor of Japan, from 887 to 897....
  • Udaina, Tuone (Croatian nationalist)
    Many Romance dialects have virtually ceased to be spoken in the 20th century. Of these, Dalmatian is the most striking, its last known speaker, one Tuone Udaina (Italian Antonio Udina), having been blown up by a land mine in 1898. He was the main source of knowledge for his parents’ dialect (that of the island of Veglia [modern Krk], though he was hardly an ideal informant; Vegliot Dalmatia...
  • Udaipur (India)
    city, southern Rājasthān state, northwestern India. It lies in the hills of the Arāvali Range. Udaipur (“City of Sunrise”) was made the capital of the princely state of Udaipur in 1568 by Mahārāṇā Udai Singh after the sack of Chittaurgarh. A walled city, it stands on a ridge crowned by the Mahārāṇā’s ...
  • Udaipur (historical state, India)
    ...rail junction, Udaipur is an agricultural distributing centre. Its factories produce chemicals, asbestos, and clay. Cloth, embroidery, ivory, and lacquerware handicrafts are also manufactured there. Udaipur has several hospitals, a museum, and Mohanlal Sukhadia University (established in 1962)....
  • Udall, Mo (American politician)
    American politician (b. June 15, 1922, St. John’s, Ariz.--d. Dec. 12, 1998, Washington, D.C.), was a liberal Democrat who served in the U.S. House of Representatives for 30 years and in 1976 was runner-up to Jimmy Carter for his party’s presidential nomination. An advocate of environmental protection, campaign finance reform, national health insurance, and Food and Drug Administratio...
  • Udall, Morris King (American politician)
    American politician (b. June 15, 1922, St. John’s, Ariz.--d. Dec. 12, 1998, Washington, D.C.), was a liberal Democrat who served in the U.S. House of Representatives for 30 years and in 1976 was runner-up to Jimmy Carter for his party’s presidential nomination. An advocate of environmental protection, campaign finance reform, national health insurance, and Food and Drug Administratio...
  • Udall, Nicholas (English writer)
    English playwright, translator, and schoolmaster who wrote the first known English comedy, Ralph Roister Doister....
  • Udana (Buddhist text)
    3. Udana (“Inspired Utterances”), 82 sayings of the Buddha, mostly in verse, each accompanied by the story of what occasioned it....
  • Udāna (aṅgā category)
    5. Udāna (“inspired utterance”), special sayings of the Buddha in prose or verse (also the name of a work in the Pāli Khuddaka Nikāya [“Short Collection”])....
  • Udasi (religious movement)
    monastic followers of Srichand (1494–1612?), the elder son of Nanak (1469–1539), the first Guru and the founder of Sikhism. The authoritative text of the Udasi movement is the Matra (“Discipline”), a hymn of 78 verses attributed to Srichand. The Matra empha...
  • udātta (accented syllable)
    ...the location of the original accent be inviolate if the Vedic texts were to be preserved accurately. The original Vedic accent occurs as a three-syllable pattern: the central syllable, called udātta, receives the main accent; the preceding syllable, anudātta, is a kind of preparation for the accent; and the following syllable, svarita, is a kind of return......
  • Udayadityavarman II (king of Angkor)
    ...later history of the city, the central temples were completely architectural creations (i.e., pyramid temples), such as the Phimeanakas of Suryavarman I (reigned c. 1000–50); the Baphuon of Udayadityavarman II (reigned 1050–66); and the Buddhist temple of Bayon, which was the central temple built by Jayavarman VII when he gave the city, which was later known as Angkor Thom, or......
  • Udayagiri (India)
    village and archaeological site, south-central Orissa state, eastern India. In the village are located several Jaina and Buddhist rock-cut caves. One of these is a double-storied cave with ranges of cells cut into three sides of an open courtyard. Inscriptions in the caves date from the 2nd century bc to the 10th century ad....
  • Udayana (Hindu logician)
    Hindu logician who attempted to reconcile the views held by the two major schools of logic out of which developed the Navya Nyāya (“New Nyāya”) school of “right” reasoning, which is still recognized and followed in some regions of India....
  • Udayanācārya (Hindu logician)
    Hindu logician who attempted to reconcile the views held by the two major schools of logic out of which developed the Navya Nyāya (“New Nyāya”) school of “right” reasoning, which is still recognized and followed in some regions of India....
  • Udayeśvara (temple, Udaipur, India)
    ...unfortunately, they are considerably damaged, judging from the remains, they must have been very elegant structures. The best preserved and easily the finest bhūmija temple is the Udayeśvara (1059–82), situated at Udaipur in Madhya Pradesh. The śikhara, based on a stellate plan, is divided into quadrants by four latās, or offsets, each......
  • Udaypur (India)
    city, southern Rājasthān state, northwestern India. It lies in the hills of the Arāvali Range. Udaipur (“City of Sunrise”) was made the capital of the princely state of Udaipur in 1568 by Mahārāṇā Udai Singh after the sack of Chittaurgarh. A walled city, it stands on a ridge crowned by the Mahārāṇā’s ...
  • UDC (American organization)
    American women’s patriotic society, founded in Nashville, Tenn., on Sept. 10, 1894, that draws its members from descendants of those who served in the Confederacy’s armed forces or government or who gave to either their loyal and substantial private support. Its chief purpose is broadly commemorative and historical: to preserve and mark sites; to gather historical records and other m...
  • UDC (library science)
    system of library organization. It is distinguished from the Dewey Decimal Classification by expansions using various symbols in addition to Arabic numerals, resulting in exceedingly long notations. This system grew out of the international subject index of the Institut Internationale du Bibliographie at Brussels, which in 1895 adopted the Dewey Decimal Classification as the bas...
  • UDC (political party, Switzerland)
    conservative Swiss political party....
  • Uḍḍandapura (Buddhist school)
    in ancient times a celebrated Buddhist centre of learning (vihāra) in India, identified with modern Bihār town in the Patna district of Bihār state. It was founded in the 7th century ad by Gopāla, the first ruler of the Pāla dynasty, no doubt in emulation of its neighbour Nālandā, another distinguished centre of Buddhist learnin...
  • Udden Grade Scale (sedimentology)
    ...scale, each size grade differs from its predecessor by the constant ratio of 1:2; each size class has a specific class name used to refer to the particles included within it. This millimetre, or Udden-Wentworth, scale is a geometric grain-size scale since there is a constant ratio between class limits. Such a scheme is well suited for the description of sediments because it gives equal......
  • udder (anatomy)
    ...produced by the cow from her blood, and a large amount of food is necessary for maintenance of a high producing cow. The products of digestion and absorption enter the blood and are carried to the udder. There the raw materials are collected and changed into milk components. Each time the blood passes through the udder a small fraction of the components is removed to make the milk. Some 400......
  • UDDIA (political party, Republic of the Congo)
    Two major parties existed at independence: the African Socialist Movement (Mouvement Socialiste Africain; MSA) and the Democratic Union for the Defense of African Interests (Union Démocratique pour la Défense des Intérêts Africains; UDDIA). The two parties pitted the north against the south, an opposition that stemmed from the privileged place occupied by the southern.....
  • Uddyotakara (Indian philosopher)
    Although as early as the commentators Praśastapāẖa (5th century ad) and Uddyotakara (7th century ad) the authors of the Nyāya-Vaisesika schools used each other’s doctrines and the fusion of the two schools was well on its way, the two schools continued to have different authors and lines of commentators. About the 10th century ...
  • UDEAC (economic organization, Africa)
    Common-currency and trade zones that have evolved through the granting of preferences or the operation of common currencies inherited from former colonial powers include: the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC), comprising Cameroon, Gabon, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and the Congo, which has become part of the larger Economic Community of Central African......
  • Udegey (people)
    The Amur River basin originally was populated by hunting and cattle-breeding nomadic people. North of the river these peoples included the Buryat, Sakha (Yakut), Nanai, Nivkh (Gilyak), Udegey, and Orok, with various Mongol and Manchu groups south of the river. From this homeland, certain Manchu tribes conquered China and established the Qing (Manchu) dynasty in China (1644–1911/12), which.....
  • Udekem d’Acoz, Mathilde Marie Christine Ghislaine d’ (princess of Belgium)
    The social event of the decade in Belgium was the marriage of Crown Prince Philippe to Mathilde d’Udekem d’Acoz on Dec. 4, 1999. The 39-year-old prince had kept his relationship with the 26-year-old speech therapist private until their engagement was announced in September 1999. In three months’ time, Mathilde went from a life of relative anonymity to becoming one of Belgium...
  • UDEL (political organization, Nicaragua)
    ...Sandinistas and the organization founded by Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, editor and publisher of La Prensa (“The Press”) of Managua, called the Democratic Union of Liberation (Unión Democrática de Liberación; UDEL). In December 1974 the Sandinistas staged a successful kidnapping of Somoza elites, for which ransom and the......
  • Udenamo (political party, Mozambique)
    One of the early leaders in the struggle for independence from Portuguese rule was the Democratic National Union of Mozambique (Udenamo), whose flag was adopted in November 1961. It had a diagonally divided field of green (for the country’s forested mountains and plains) and black (for the majority population). Its white central disk suggested the rivers and the Indian Ocean, and its centra...
  • Uderzo, Albert (cartoonist)
    ...and later worked on children’s books in New York City. In 1954 he returned to Paris to direct a press agency and soon became a writer for the “Lucky Luke” comic strip. In 1957 he met Uderzo, a cartoonist, and collaborated with him on the short-lived “Benjamin et Benjamine” and, a year later, on the somewhat more successful “Oumpah-Pah le Peau-Rouge...
  • Udeyesvara (temple, Udaipur, India)
    ...unfortunately, they are considerably damaged, judging from the remains, they must have been very elegant structures. The best preserved and easily the finest bhūmija temple is the Udayeśvara (1059–82), situated at Udaipur in Madhya Pradesh. The śikhara, based on a stellate plan, is divided into quadrants by four latās, or offsets, each......
  • UDF (antiapartheid organization)
    ...to apartheid by meeting Indian and Coloured grievances while at the same time giving blacks no political rights except in the homelands. In response, more than 500 community groups formed the United Democratic Front, which became closely identified with the exiled ANC. Strikes, boycotts, and attacks on black police and urban councillors began escalating, and a state of emergency was......
  • UDF (labour organization, Bulgaria)
    ...party gave up its guaranteed right to rule, adopted a new manifesto, streamlined its leadership, and changed its name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP). Despite these reforms, the opposition Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) won leadership of the Bulgarian government by a small margin over the BSP in elections held in 1991 and 1997. The National Movement for Simeon II (NDSV), a new party......
  • UDF (political party, Malaŵi)
    ...Banda of his “president for life” status. The first multiparty presidential election was held in 1994, and Banda lost to Bakili Muluzi, the leader of the main opposition party, the United Democratic Front (UDF)....
  • UDF (engineering)
    ...the rear of the aircraft, with the plane of the propeller aft of the engine. These arrangements are referred to as “pusher” layouts. A recently developed engine layout, identified as the unducted fan (or UDF; trademark), provides a set of very high-efficiency counter-rotating propeller blades, each blade mounted on one of either of two sets of counter-rotating low-pressure turbine...
  • Udhagamandalam (India)
    town, western Tamil Nadu state, southern India. It is situated in the Nilgiri Hills at about 7,500 feet (2,300 metres) above sea level, sheltered by several peaks, including Doda Betta (8,652 feet [2,637 metres]), the highest point in Tamil Nadu. Founded by the British in 1821, it was used as the official government summer headquarters for the Madras Presidency until Indian inde...
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