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  • Young, Art (American caricaturist)
    satiric American cartoonist and crusader whose cartoons expressed his human warmth as well as his indignation at injustice....
  • Young, Arthur (English writer)
    prolific English writer on agriculture, politics, and economics. Besides his books on agricultural subjects, he was the author of the famous Travels in France (or Travels During the Years 1787, 1788 and 1789, Undertaken More Particularly with a View of Ascertaining the Cultivation, Resources, and National Prosperity, of the Kingdom of France; 1792). The book is especially valu...
  • Young, Arthur Henry (American caricaturist)
    satiric American cartoonist and crusader whose cartoons expressed his human warmth as well as his indignation at injustice....
  • Young Bacchus, The (painting by Caravaggio)
    ...beginning of del Monte’s patronage about 40 works. The subjects of this period are mostly adolescent boys, as in Boy with a Fruit Basket (1593), The Young Bacchus (1593), and The Music Party. These early pictures reveal a fresh, direct, and empirical approach; they were apparently painted directly from...
  • Young Belgium (Belgian literary society)
    Impetus for the long-awaited literary renaissance came from Max Waller, founder in 1881 of an influential review, La Jeune Belgique (“Young Belgium”), which suggested a national literary consciousness; in reality, however, the review was the vehicle of expression of individual writers dedicated to the idea of art for art’s sake (see Aesthe...
  • Young Blood (song by Leiber and Stoller)
    ...hits—largely for Atlantic Records’ subsidiary label Atco—with witty Leiber-Stoller songs directed at teenage listeners: Searchin’ and Young Blood (both 1957), Yakety Yak (1958), and Charlie Brown and Poison Ivy (both 1959). The Coasters altern...
  • Young Bosnia (political organization, Bosnia)
    ...annexation caused among Serb and South Slav nationalists led to the growth of revolutionary groups and secret societies dedicated to the overthrow of Habsburg rule. One of these, Mlada Bosna (“Young Bosnia”), was especially active in Bosnian schools and universities. Tension was heightened by the First Balkan War of 1912–13, in which Serbia expanded southward, driving Turki...
  • Young, Brigham (American religious leader)
    American religious leader, second president of the Mormon church, and colonizer who significantly influenced the development of the American West....
  • Young, Charles Augustus (American astronomer)
    American astronomer who made the first observations of the flash spectrum of the Sun, during the solar eclipses of 1869 and 1870....
  • Young Chevalier (British prince)
    last serious Stuart claimant to the British throne and leader of the unsuccessful Jacobite rebellion of 1745–46....
  • Young, Chic (American cartoonist)
    U.S. cartoonist who created the comic strip “Blondie,” which, by the 1960s, was syndicated in more than 1,500 newspapers throughout the world....
  • Young Children’s Encyclopedia, The
    In 1970 a new encyclopaedia, called The Young Children’s Encyclopedia, was issued by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Prepared specifically for children just learning to read and not yet in elementary school, it consisted of 16 volumes, in which all the illustrations were in colour and the accompanying informative text brief. After its original appearance, the set was trans...
  • Young Christian Workers (Roman Catholic organization)
    Roman Catholic movement begun in Belgium in 1912 by Father (later Cardinal) Joseph Cardijn; it attempts to train workers to evangelize and to help them adjust to the work atmosphere in offices and factories. Organized on a national basis in 1925, Cardijn’s groups were approved by the Belgian bishops and had the support of Pope Pius XI. The organization...
  • Young, Coleman (American politician)
    American politician, who was the first African American mayor of Detroit, Michigan (1974–93)....
  • Young, Coleman Alexander (American politician)
    American politician, who was the first African American mayor of Detroit, Michigan (1974–93)....
  • Young Cosima, The (work by Richardson)
    ...the help of his letters and diaries. The novel is a detailed and sympathetic account of his tragic life, in particular of his inability to adjust himself to his adopted country. Her last novel, The Young Cosima (1939), is a reconstruction of the love triangle of Richard Wagner, Cosima Liszt, and Hans von Bülow. She also wrote a number of short stories, published as The End of a...
  • Young, Cy (American athlete)
    professional U.S. baseball player, winner of more major league games than any other pitcher. His victory total is variously given as 509 or 511, the sum of his defeats 313, 315, or 316. In each of 16 seasons (14 consecutive, 1891–1904) he won more than 20 games; in five of those years he won more than 30. Among his other records are games started, 816 or 818; completed starts, 750 or 751; a...
  • Young Czechs (political group, Bohemia)
    ...of the Taaffe cabinet did not satisfy the Czechs, for example, but rather encouraged a mood of belligerence; because the moderate Old Czechs failed to live up to radical demands, the nationalistic Young Czechs were able to gain support from the electorate. In 1890 Taaffe tried to negotiate an agreement between the Old Czechs and the German liberals, whereby Bohemia would be divided for......
  • Young, Denton True (American athlete)
    professional U.S. baseball player, winner of more major league games than any other pitcher. His victory total is variously given as 509 or 511, the sum of his defeats 313, 315, or 316. In each of 16 seasons (14 consecutive, 1891–1904) he won more than 20 games; in five of those years he won more than 30. Among his other records are games started, 816 or 818; completed starts, 750 or 751; a...
  • Young, Edward (English author)
    English poet, dramatist, and literary critic, author of The Complaint: or, Night Thoughts (1742–45), a long, didactic poem on death. The poem was inspired by the successive deaths of his stepdaughter, in 1736; her husband, in 1740; and Young’s wife, in 1741. The poem is a blank-verse dramatic monologue of nearly 10,000 lines, divided into nine parts, or ...
  • Young, Ella Flagg (American educator)
    American educator who, as Chicago’s superintendent of schools, became the first woman to achieve that administrative status in a major American school system....
  • Young England (British political group)
    ...was not given office in the Cabinet. He was mortified at the rebuff, and his attitude toward Peel and his brand of Conservatism became increasingly critical. A group of young Tories, nicknamed Young England, and led by George Smythe (later Lord Stangford), looked to Disraeli for inspiration, and he obliged them, notably in his novel Coningsby; or The New Generation (1844), in which......
  • Young, Francis Brett (English writer)
    English novelist and poet who, although at times sentimental and long-winded, achieved wide popularity for his considerable skill as a storyteller. Among his best known novels, many of which are set in his native Worcestershire, are The Dark Tower (1914), Portrait of Claire (1927), My Brother Jonathan (1928), They Seek a Country (1937), and A Man About the House ...
  • Young Frankenstein (film by Brooks)
    Wilder became a major star of the early 1970s with his performances in two hilariously scatological Brooks films, Blazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein (both 1974). The first film, a ribald spoof of westerns, featured Wilder as the laconic “Waco Kid,” a drunken ex-gunslinger. Young Frankenstein, hailed by......
  • Young, Fred A. (British cinematographer)
    British cinematographer whose visual flair and artistry added immeasurably to British films for more than 70 years, beginning with his work as an assistant cameraman on the 1922 silent Rob Roy. He was particularly known for the stunning beauty he brought to a series of films by director David Lean, three of which--Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Dr. Zhivago (1965), and Ryan...
  • Young, Freddie (British cinematographer)
    British cinematographer whose visual flair and artistry added immeasurably to British films for more than 70 years, beginning with his work as an assistant cameraman on the 1922 silent Rob Roy. He was particularly known for the stunning beauty he brought to a series of films by director David Lean, three of which--Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Dr. Zhivago (1965), and Ryan...
  • Young, Frederick Archibald (British cinematographer)
    British cinematographer whose visual flair and artistry added immeasurably to British films for more than 70 years, beginning with his work as an assistant cameraman on the 1922 silent Rob Roy. He was particularly known for the stunning beauty he brought to a series of films by director David Lean, three of which--Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Dr. Zhivago (1965), and Ryan...
  • Young Frisian Movement (literary movement)
    In 1915 Douwe Kalma launched the Young Frisian Movement, which challenged younger writers to break radically with the provincialism and didacticism of past Frisian literature. This break had been anticipated in the lyrical poetry and fiction of Simke Kloosterman and in the psychological narratives of Reinder Brolsma. Kalma himself made important contributions to poetry, drama, translation, and......
  • young fustic (dye)
    The dye termed young fustic (zante fustic, or Venetian sumac) is derived from the wood of the smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria, or Rhus cotinus), a southern European and Asian shrub of the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. Both old and new fustic have been displaced from commercial importance by synthetic dyes. ...
  • Young Germany (German literature)
    a social reform and literary movement in 19th-century Germany (about 1830–50), influenced by French revolutionary ideas, which was opposed to the extreme forms of Romanticism and nationalism then current. The name was first used in Ludolf Wienbarg’s Ästhetische Feldzüge (“Aesthetic Campaigns,” 1834). Members of Young Germany, in spite of their intel...
  • Young, Gig (American actor)
    Other Nominees...
  • Young Goodman Brown (work by Hawthorne)
    ...By 1832, “My Kinsman, Major Molineux” and “Roger Malvin’s Burial,” two of his greatest tales—and among the finest in the language—had appeared. “Young Goodman Brown,” perhaps the greatest tale of witchcraft ever written, appeared in 1835....
  • Young, Gretchen Michaela (American actress)
    American motion picture actress noted for her ethereal beauty and refined, controlled portrayals of virtuous and wholesome women....
  • Young Guard, The (work by Fadeyev)
    ...he became general secretary and chairman of the executive board of the Writers’ Union, posts he held until 1954. After World War II he published Molodaya gvardiya (1946; rev. ed. 1951; The Young Guard), dealing with youthful guerrilla fighters in German-occupied Ukraine. It was at first highly praised but was later denounced for omitting the role played by party members in ...
  • Young Hegelians
    ...Karl Gutzkow, and Heinrich Heine. But he soon rejected them as undisciplined and inconclusive in favour of the more systematic and all embracing philosophy of Hegel as expounded by the “Young Hegelians,” a group of leftist intellectuals, including the theologian and historian Bruno Bauer and the anarchist Max Stirner. They accepted the Hegelian dialectic—basically that......
  • Young Hickory (president of United States)
    14th president of the United States (1853–57). He failed to deal effectively with the corroding sectional controversy over slavery in the decade preceding the American Civil War (1861–65). (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America.)...
  • Young, Hugo John Smelter (British journalist)
    British political journalist (b. Oct. 13, 1938, Sheffield, Eng.—d. Sept. 22, 2003, London, Eng.), for 30 years wrote with elegance and scholarship from a liberal perspective; his column was considered essential reading for those interested in politics. Young began working for the Sunday Times in 1965 and became the head writer of the paper’s editorials in 1966. As the paper...
  • Young Ireland (Irish nationalist movement)
    Irish nationalist movement of the 1840s. Begun by a group of Irish intellectuals who founded and wrote for the Nation, the movement advocated the study of Irish history and the revival of the Irish (Gaelic) language as a means of developing Irish nationalism and achieving independence. The influence of the group waned after a break with the National Repeal Association in 1846. In 1848 the ...
  • Young Italy (Italian nationalist movement)
    movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831 to work for a united, republican Italian nation. Attracting many Italians to the cause of independence, it played an important role in the Risorgimento (struggle for Italian unification)....
  • Young, Janet Mary Baker (British politician)
    British politician (b. Oct. 23, 1926, Widnes, Lancashire, Eng.—d. Sept. 6, 2002, Oxford, Eng.), was the first woman to serve as leader of the House of Lords; a committed conservative, she was perhaps best known for her zealous dedication to traditional family values and sexual morality, a stance that brought her heated criticism, especially from gay rights groups, late in her career. Young ...
  • Young Jesus with the Doctors (painting by Dürer)
    ...period reflect the sweet, soft portrait types especially favoured by Bellini. One of Dürer’s most impressive small paintings of this period, a compressed half-length composition of the “Young Jesus with the Doctors” of 1506, harks back to Bellini’s free adaptation of Mantegna’s “Presentation in the Temple.” Dürer’s work is a ...
  • Young, John W. (American astronaut)
    U.S. astronaut who participated in the Gemini, Apollo, and space shuttle projects. He served as Virgil I. Grissom’s co-pilot on Gemini 3 (1965), the first U.S. two-man space flight....
  • Young, John Watts (American astronaut)
    U.S. astronaut who participated in the Gemini, Apollo, and space shuttle projects. He served as Virgil I. Grissom’s co-pilot on Gemini 3 (1965), the first U.S. two-man space flight....
  • Young, Jon Steven (American athlete)
    In 1993 Steve Young passed Joe Montana as the National Football League’s best all-time passer, but he could not flee Montana’s shadow. Young won his third consecutive passing championship, something no NFL quarterback had done, but many fans of his San Francisco 49ers still believed that the team had traded the wrong quarterback when it sent 37-year-old Montana to Kansas City and ke...
  • Young, Joseph (American musician)
    American singer and guitarist whose performances of his blend of blues and soul were enhanced by his professionalism, enthusiasm, and desire to please his audience; when his virtuoso playing career was sidelined by a loss of sensation in his fingers following surgery to alleviate a pinched nerve, he refused to give up and instead concentrated his efforts on vocals (b. Sept. 23, 1927, Shreveport, L...
  • “Young Joseph, The” (work by Mann)
    The novels on which Mann was working throughout this period reflect variously the cultural crisis of his times. In 1933 he published The Tales of Jacob (U.S. title, Joseph and His Brothers), the first part of his four-part novel on the biblical Joseph, continued the following year in The Young Joseph and two years later with Joseph in Egypt, and completed with......
  • Young Kemalists (Turkish secret society)
    ...Intervention proposed by senior officers in October 1961 was rejected by others. Two projected coups were foiled in February 1962 and May 1963. Members of a secret society within the army—the Young Kemalists—were arrested in April 1963. Criticism of the 1960 revolution was made illegal in 1962; army leaders contented themselves with occasional warnings against too rapid a......
  • Young Kikuyu Association (Kenyan political organization)
    ...used by European settlers as they attempted to gain more direct representation in colonial politics. At the outset, political pressure groups developed along ethnic lines, the first one being the Young Kikuyu Association (later the East African Association), established in 1921, with Harry Thuku as its first president. The group, which received most of its support from young men and was not......
  • Young, La Monte (American composer)
    ...against the complex, intellectually sophisticated style of modern music, several composers began to compose in a simple, literal style, thereby creating an extremely simple and accessible music. La Monte Young, for example, composed a number of electronic “continuous frequency environments,” in which he generated a few pitches and then electronically sustained them, sometimes for....
  • Young Ladies Seminary (college, Oakland, California, United States)
    private liberal arts institution of higher education for women in Oakland, California, U.S. Men may study in the graduate-level programs. Mills College offers more than 30 undergraduate majors in English and foreign literatures, languages, and cultures; ethnic and women’s studies; fine arts; natural sciences; mathematics and computer science; social sciences; creative wri...
  • Young Lady’s Accidence; or, A Short and Easy Introduction to English Grammar (work by Bingham)
    Bingham published his first textbook in 1785. The Young Lady’s Accidence; or, A Short and Easy Introduction to English Grammar, prepared for use in his private girls’ school, went through 20 editions and sold 100,000 copies. It was the second English grammar published in the United States. Among his other textbooks were An American Preceptor (1794), The Astronomical ...
  • Young, Lester Willis (American musician)
    American tenor saxophonist who emerged in the mid-1930s Kansas City, Mo., jazz world with the Count Basie band and introduced an approach to improvisation that provided much of the basis for modern jazz solo conception....
  • Young Lions, The (work by Shaw)
    ...groups of novelists responded to the cultural impact, and especially the technological horror, of World War II. Norman Mailer’s The Naked and the Dead (1948) and Irwin Shaw’s The Young Lions (1948) were realistic war novels, though Mailer’s book was also a novel of ideas, exploring fascist thinking and an obsession with power as elements of the mil...
  • Young, Loretta (American actress)
    American motion picture actress noted for her ethereal beauty and refined, controlled portrayals of virtuous and wholesome women....
  • Young Man Luther (work by Erikson)
    In Young Man Luther (1958), Erikson combined his interest in history and psychoanalytic theory to examine how Martin Luther was able to break with the existing religious establishment to create a new way of looking at the world. Gandhi’s Truth on the Origins of Militant Nonviolence (1969) also was a psychohistory. In the 1970s Erikson examined modern ethical and political......
  • Young Man With Cap and Gloves (painting by Titian)
    ...content as well as the notable clarity of modelling in the central figure led 20th-century critics to favour Titian. Technique and the clear intelligence of the young Venetian aristocrat in the Young Man with Cap and Gloves has led modern critics to attribute this and similar portraits to Titian....
  • Young Maori Party (Maori cultural association)
    association of educated, westernized Maori of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, dedicated to bringing about a degree of cultural assimilation of the Maori nation to the dominant pakeha (white) culture of New Zealand. The party was organized in the 1890s by a number of graduates of Te Aute College, a Maori college; its most notable leaders were Apirana Ngata, Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter Buc...
  • Young, Marguerite (American author)
    American writer best known for Miss MacIntosh, My Darling (1965), a mammoth, many-layered novel of illusion and reality....
  • Young, Marguerite Vivian (American author)
    American writer best known for Miss MacIntosh, My Darling (1965), a mammoth, many-layered novel of illusion and reality....
  • Young Marshal (Chinese warlord)
    Chinese warlord who, together with Yang Hucheng, in the Xi’an Incident (1936), compelled the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) to form a wartime alliance with the Chinese communists against Japan....
  • Young, Mavis De Trafford (Canadian author)
    Canadian-born writer of essays, novels, plays, and especially short stories, almost all of which were published initially in The New Yorker magazine. In unsentimental prose and with trenchant wit she delineated the isolation, detachment, and fear that afflict rootless North American and European expatriates....
  • Young Men and the Old, The (poetry by Cloete)
    ...published during the centennial celebration of the Great Trek. His later works included Rags of Glory (1963) and The Abductors (1966). He also wrote poems, collected in a volume, The Young Men and the Old (1941), and a collection of biographies, African Portraits (1946). His autobiography, A Victorian Son, appeared in 1972....
  • Young Men’s and Young Women’s Hebrew Association (Jewish lay organization)
    Jewish community organization in various countries that provides a wide range of cultural, educational, recreational, and social activities for all age groups in Jewish communities. The goals of the YM–YWHA are to prepare the young for participation in a democratic society, to ensure Judaism’s role as a positive element in community life, and to further the cultural unity of the Jewi...
  • Young Men’s Buddhist Association (Myanmar nationalist organization)
    The new leaders first turned their attention to the national religion, culture, and education. In 1906 they founded the Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA) and through it began establishing a number of schools supported by private donations and government grants-in-aid (the YMBA was not antigovernment). Three years later the British, attempting to pacify the Indian National Congress (a....
  • Young Men’s Christian Association (Christian lay movement)
    nonsectarian, nonpolitical Christian lay movement that aims to develop high standards of Christian character through group activities and citizenship training. It originated in London in 1844, when 12 young men, led by George Williams, an employee in, and subsequently the head of, a drapery house, formed a club for the “improvement of the spiritual condition of young men in the drapery and ...
  • Young Men’s Christian Association Training School (school, Springfield, Massachusetts, United States)
    ...strictly of U.S. origin, basketball was invented by James Naismith (1861–1939) on or about December 1, 1891, at the International Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) Training School (now Springfield College), Springfield, Massachusetts, where Naismith was an instructor in physical education....
  • Young, Michael (British lawyer, sociologist and reformer)
    British lawyer, sociologist, and social reformer (b. Aug. 9, 1915, Manchester, Eng.—d. Jan. 14, 2002, London, Eng.), was best known for having written the Labour Party’s 1945 social-welfare manifesto and for having coined the pejorative term meritocracy (in his 1958 satire The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870–2033) to denounce the political and eco...
  • Young modulus (physics)
    numerical constant, named for the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young, that describes the elastic properties of a solid undergoing tension or compression in only one direction, as in the case of a metal rod that after being stretched or compressed lengthwise returns to its original length. Young’s modulus is a measure of the abilit...
  • Young, Murat Bernard (American cartoonist)
    U.S. cartoonist who created the comic strip “Blondie,” which, by the 1960s, was syndicated in more than 1,500 newspapers throughout the world....
  • Young, Nedrick (American writer and actor)
    Original Screenplay: Nedrick Young and Harold Jacob Smith for The Defiant OnesAdapted Screenplay: Alan Jay Lerner for GigiCinematography, Black-and-White: Sam Leavitt for The Defiant OnesCinematography, Color: Joseph Ruttenberg for GigiArt Direction:......
  • Young, Neil (Canadian musician)
    Canadian guitarist, singer, and songwriter best known for his eclectic sweep, from solo folkie to grungy guitar-rocker....
  • Young New Zealand Party (political group, New Zealand)
    parliamentary group that became most palpable as a vigorous faction within the parliamentary opposition to the Conservative government of Harry Albert Atkinson (1887–90) and that provided the Liberal Party with many of its future major figures. Prominent in the party were William Pember Reeves, Joseph Ward, and John McKenzie, all advocates of modern social and economic ideas that were requ...
  • Young of Dartington, Michael Dunlop Young, Baron (British lawyer, sociologist and reformer)
    British lawyer, sociologist, and social reformer (b. Aug. 9, 1915, Manchester, Eng.—d. Jan. 14, 2002, London, Eng.), was best known for having written the Labour Party’s 1945 social-welfare manifesto and for having coined the pejorative term meritocracy (in his 1958 satire The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870–2033) to denounce the political and eco...
  • Young of Farnworth, Janet Mary Baker Young, Baroness (British politician)
    British politician (b. Oct. 23, 1926, Widnes, Lancashire, Eng.—d. Sept. 6, 2002, Oxford, Eng.), was the first woman to serve as leader of the House of Lords; a committed conservative, she was perhaps best known for her zealous dedication to traditional family values and sexual morality, a stance that brought her heated criticism, especially from gay rights groups, late in her career. Young ...
  • Young Ottomans (Turkish organization)
    secret Turkish nationalist organization formed in Istanbul in June 1865. A forerunner of other Turkish nationalist groups (see Young Turks), the Young Ottomans favoured converting the Turkish-dominated multinational Ottoman Empire into a more purely Turkish state and called for the creation of a constitutional government. By 1867 the Young Ottomans had expanded from the o...
  • Young, Owen D. (American lawyer)
    U.S. lawyer and businessman best known for his efforts to solve reparations issues after World War I....
  • Young, Paul Thomas (American psychologist)
    Another auditory illusion was described in 1928 by Paul Thomas Young, an American psychologist, who tested the process of sound localization (the direction from which sound seems to come). He constructed a pseudophone, an instrument made of two ear trumpets, one leading from the right side of the head to the left ear and the other vice versa. This created the illusory impression of reversed......
  • Young Plan (European history)
    (1929), second renegotiation of Germany’s World War I reparation payments. A new committee, chaired by the American Owen D. Young, met in Paris on Feb. 11, 1929, to revise the Dawes Plan of 1924. Its report (June 7, 1929), accepted with minor changes, went into effect on Sept. 1, 1930. It reduced the amount due from Germany to 121,000,000,000 Reichsmar...
  • Young Poland movement (Polish literary group)
    diverse group of early 20th-century Neoromantic writers brought together in reaction against Naturalism and Positivism. Inspired by Polish Romantic writers and also by contemporary western European trends such as Symbolism, they sought to revive the unfettered expression of feeling and imagination in Polish literature and ...
  • Young Polish Composer’s Publishing Co. (Polish music company)
    ...early age. In 1901 he went to Warsaw and studied harmony, counterpoint, and composition privately until 1904. Finding the musical life in Warsaw limiting, he went to Berlin, where he organized the Young Polish Composers’ Publishing Co. (1905–12) to publish new works by his countrymen. His compositions from this period, which include the opera Hagith (1913), show the influen...
  • Young Rascals, the (American rock group)
    ...1940Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, U.S.—November 5, 2003Kalamazoo, Michigan), and the Rascals (known for a time as the Young Rascals), whose principal members were Felix Cavaliere (b. Nov...
  • Young, Robert (American actor)
    American actor (b. Feb. 22, 1907, Chicago, Ill.--d. July 21, 1998, Westlake Village, Calif.), was best remembered for his portrayal of benevolent authority figures, starring in the title roles of such television classics as "Father Knows Best" and "Marcus Welby, M.D." When he was 10 years old, his family moved to Los Angeles, where he later performed in high school plays and community theatre. Sig...
  • Young Roscius, The (British actor)
    English actor who won instant success as a child prodigy....
  • “Young Scholar, The” (play by Lessing)
    ...which had recently been revitalized by the work of a talented and energetic actress, Caroline Neuber. Neuber took an interest in the young poet and in 1748 successfully produced his comedy Der junge Gelehrte (“The Young Scholar”). The play is a delightful satire on an arrogant, superficial, vain, and easily offended scholar, a figure through which Lessing mocked his own......
  • Young, Steve (American athlete)
    In 1993 Steve Young passed Joe Montana as the National Football League’s best all-time passer, but he could not flee Montana’s shadow. Young won his third consecutive passing championship, something no NFL quarterback had done, but many fans of his San Francisco 49ers still believed that the team had traded the wrong quarterback when it sent 37-year-old Montana to Kansas City and ke...
  • Young, Thomas (British physician and physicist)
    English physician and physicist who established the principle of interference of light and thus resurrected the century-old wave theory of light. He was also an Egyptologist who helped decipher the Rosetta Stone (see )....
  • Young Tom (Scottish golfer)
    Scottish golfer who, like his father, Thomas Morris, won the British Open golf tournament four times....
  • Young Torless (film by Schlöndorff)
    ...1960s, he returned to Germany and joined the burgeoning Junger Deutscher (Young German) film movement. His first feature, Der junge Törless (1966; Young Törless), an adaptation of the Robert Musil novella Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törless, earned him instant recognition. This study of a......
  • Young Tunisians (political party, Tunisia)
    political party formed in 1907 by young French-educated Tunisian intellectuals in opposition to the French protectorate established in 1883....
  • Young Turk Revolution of 1908 (Ottoman-Turkish history)
    Several conspiracies took place against Abdülhamid. In 1889 a conspiracy in the military medical college spread to other Istanbul colleges. These conspirators came to call themselves the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP; İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti) and were commonly known as the Young Turks. When the plot was discovered, some of its leaders went abroad to reinforce Ottoman exile...
  • Young Turks (political organization, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States)
    In about 1900 Philadelphia had been described as “corrupt but content,” a status quo that Philadelphians were indeed content with until 1939, when a group known as the Young Turks and influenced by the nationwide New Deal of the Democratic Party began to agitate for charter reform and a city planning commission; the Democrats would eventually dominate politics in the city and most......
  • Young Turks (Turkish nationalist movement)
    coalition of various reform groups that led a revolutionary movement against the authoritarian regime of Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid II, which culminated in the establishment of a constitutional government. After their rise to power, the Young Turks introduced programs that promoted the modernization of the Ottoman Empire and a new spirit of Turkish nationalism. Their handl...
  • young urban professional (social group)
    ...mid-1970s the movement had waned, and by the 1980s hippies had given way to a new generation of young people who were intent on making careers for themselves in business and who came to be known as yuppies (young urban professionals). Nonetheless, hippies continued to have an influence on the wider culture, seen, for example, in more relaxed attitudes toward sex, in the new concern for the......
  • Young Vic (British theatrical company)
    ...of Shakespeare’s plays and other classics, including Cyrano de Bergerac, Oedipus Rex, Love for Love, and Peer Gynt. After World War II the Old Vic School and the Young Vic, a company that performed for children, were established and housed in the Old Vic theatre. The company returned to its repaired original home in 1950, but the lack of space and adequate......
  • Young, Victor (American composer)
    ...Malcolm F. Brown and Cedric Gibbons for Somebody up There Likes MeArt Direction, Color: John DeCuir and Lyle R. Wheeler for The King and IMusic Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture: Victor Young for Around the World in 80 DaysScoring of a Musical Picture: Ken Darby and Alfred Newman for The King and ISong: “Whatever Will Be, Will Be (Que Sera,......
  • Young, Whitney M., Jr. (American civil-rights activist)
    articulate U.S. civil rights leader who spearheaded the drive for equal opportunity for blacks in U.S. industry and government service during his 10 years as head of the National Urban League (1961–71), the world’s largest social-civil rights organization. His advocacy of a “Domestic Marshall Plan”—massive funds to help solve...
  • Young, Whitney Moore, Jr. (American civil-rights activist)
    articulate U.S. civil rights leader who spearheaded the drive for equal opportunity for blacks in U.S. industry and government service during his 10 years as head of the National Urban League (1961–71), the world’s largest social-civil rights organization. His advocacy of a “Domestic Marshall Plan”—massive funds to help solve...
  • Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (painting by Vermeer)
    ...themselves with jewelry, Vermeer sought ways to express a sense of inner harmony within everyday life, primarily in the confines of a private chamber. In paintings such as Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (c. 1664–65), Woman with a Pearl Necklace (c. 1664), and Woman in Blue Reading a......
  • Young Women’s Christian Association (Christian lay movement)
    nonsectarian Christian organization that aims “to advance the physical, social, intellectual, moral, and spiritual interests of young women.” The recreational, educational, and spiritual aspects of its program are symbolized in its insignia, a blue triangle the three sides of which stand for body, mind, and spirit. The YWCA and the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) are ...
  • Young Zulu Kid (American boxer)
    ...title, on Jan. 25, 1915, when his corner threw in the towel during the 17th round against Tancy Lee of Scotland. After regaining the European title, Wilde fought the American flyweight champion, Young Zulu Kid (Giuseppe Di Melfi), on Dec. 18, 1916. With his 11th-round knockout, Wilde became the first world flyweight champion, a title that he held until he was knocked out in the seventh round......
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